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Cardiovascular works
how the cardiovaculary system works
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Arteries carry? | oxygenated blood |
| Oxygen is abbreviated? | O2 |
| Arterioles refer to? | small arteries |
| Veins carry? | De-oxygenated blood |
| De-oxygenated blood contains? | carbon dioxide |
| carbon dioxide is abbreviated? | CO2 |
| Venules refer to? | small veins |
| Capillaries refer to? | the smallest of the arteries and veins |
| Vasodilation refers to? | increased diameter of the arteries |
| Vasoconstriction refers to? | decreased diameter of the arteries |
| Vasodilation will cause? | hypotension |
| Vasoconstriction will cause? | hypertension |
| The body cavity where the heart is housed is called the? | thoracic cavity |
| The region directly between the sternum and vertebrae is called? | mediastinum |
| The pericardium refers to the? | membranous sac around the heart |
| The epicardium refers to the? | outer layer of the heart |
| The myocardium refers to the? | muscle layer of the heart |
| The endocardium refers to the? | inner layer of the heart |
| The chambers of the heart are separated by walls called the? | septa |
| De-oxygenated blood (CO2) is returned to the heart via the? | venae cavae (superior and inferior) |
| The superior and inferior venae cavae are the? | largest veins in the body |
| The venae cavae deliver the de-oxygenated (CO2) to the? | right atrium |
| The right atrium is the? | superior right chamber of the heart |
| The de-oxygenated blood (CO2)moves through the? | tricuspid valve |
| The tricuspid valve allows de-oxygenated blood to enter the? | right ventricle |
| The right ventricle is the? | inferior right chamber of the heart. |
| The purpose of the tricuspid valve is to prevent the blood from? | regurgitating |
| The sound caused by valvular regurgitation is called a? | murmur (bruit) |
| The right ventricle pumps the de-oxygenated blood (CO2) through the? | pulmonary trunk |
| The valve at the entrance of the pulmonary trunk is the? | pulmonary semi-lunar valve |
| The de-oxygenated blood (CO2) then enters the? | the right and left pulmonary arteries |
| The pulmonary arteries carry the de-oxygenated blood (CO2) to the? | lungs |
| The lungs are where ---- takes place? | respiration |
| Respiration is the? | exchange of gases |
| The gases that are exchanged are? | oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) |
| The oxygenated blood (O2) returns from the lungs through the? | pulmonary veins |
| The pulmonary veins deliver the oxygenated blood (O2) to the? | left atrium |
| The left atrium is the? | superior left chamber of the heart |
| The oxygenated blood (O2) then moves through the? | bicuspid valve (AKA) mitral valve |
| The bicuspid (mitral) valve allows the oxygenated blood (O2) enter the? | left ventricle |
| The left ventricle is the? | inferior left chamber of the heart |
| The purpose of the bicuspid (mitral) valve is to prevent blood from? | regurgitating |
| The sound caused by the regurgitating is called a? | murmur (bruit) |
| The left ventricle pumps the oxygenated blood (O2) through the? | aortic semi-lunar valve |
| the aortic semi-lunar valve allows the oxygenated blood (O2) to enter the? | 1. Ascending aorta 2. Aortic arch 3. Descending thoracic aorta 4. Abdominal aorta |
| The aorta branches off into arteries, arterioles,and capillaries that will distribute the oxygen (O2) to the? | tissues of the body |
| Strands of tendon that anchor the cusps of the bicuspid (mitral) and tricuspid valves preventing prolapse are called? | chordae tendineae |
| The carotid arteries deliver oxygenated blood to the? | brain |
| The coronary arteries deliver oxygenated blood to the? | heart muscle |
| The subclavian arteries deliver oxygenated blood to the? | arms and superior thorax |
| The mesenteric arteries deliver oxygenated blood to the? | intestines |
| The phrenic arteries deliver oxygenated blood to the? | diaphragm |
| The diaphragm is the? | main muscle of ventilation |
| The abdominal aorta bifurcates into the? | iliac arteries |
| The iliac arteries deliver oxygenated blood to the? | pelvis and thighs |
| The femoral arteries deliver oxygenated blood to the? | legs |
| Other capillaries, venules, and veins will return the de-oxygenated blood (CO2) to the? | venae cavae and the circuit is complete |
| The jugulars drain de-oxygenated blood from the? | Head |
| The saphenous veins drain de-oxygenated blood from the? | legs |
| The saphenous veins are commonly used for? | coronary artery bypass grafts (CABG) |
| Another vessel used for CABG is the? | mammary artery. |
| a heart-lung machine does what? | a machine that respirates the blood when the heart is stopped for surgical procedures. |
| C-reactive protein (CRP)? | inflammatory indicator and powerful risk factor for heart disease |
| CPK (CK) + LDH (LD) means? | enzymes (chemicals) in the blood that indicate muscle damage |
| CPK-MB ("isoenzymes" or "isos") means? | very specific enzymes in the blood that indicate cardiac damage |
| The azygos veins drains de-oxygenated blood from the? | thorax |
| The median cubital (anticubital) veins are commonly used to perform? | phlebotomy (venipuncture) |
| The human heart is the muscle intended to pump blood to the? | entire body |
| The two distinct components that make up this process are? | 1. The electrical impulse that stimulates the heart to beat. 2. The mechanical beating of the heart in response to the electrical stimulation, resulting in the pumping for the blood. |
| An abnormal heart rhythm is called an? | arrhythmia AKA dysrhythmia |
| Blood is necessary to? | Transport nutrients and water for the digestive tract to all the cells of the body. |
| These nutrients include? | a. vitamins and minerals which are used for chemical process and reactions. |
| Carbohydrate which are used for? | energy |
| Proteins which are used for? | growth and repair. |
| Fats are used for? | vitamin absorption and cellular wall creation. |
| 2. Transports waste products for the body's cells to the? | lungs,sweat glands, and kidney for excretion. |
| 3. Transports hormones from the endocrine glands to target cells and organs in the? | body |
| 4. Transports enzymes to body cells in order to? | regulate chemical processes and reactions. |
| 5.Dissipates excess body heat through? | dilated blood vessels in the skin |
| 6.Transports leukocytes and antibodies to defend the body against? | pathogens |
| 7. Helps regulate body pH by? | transporting buffers and amino acids |
| Normal blood pH is? | 7.35-7.45 |
| Blood pH below 7.35 is considered? | acidotic (acidosis) |
| Blood pH above 7.45 is considered? | alkalitic (alkaline, alkalosis, or basic). |
| An average woman has approximately? | 5 liters of blood |
| An average male has approximately? | 6 liters of blood |
| Whole blood (WB) is made up of: | 1.erythrocytes (red blood cells) 2.leukocytes (white blood cells) 3. thrombocytes (clot cells or platelets. |
| Erythrocytes are responsible for? | respiration |
| Respiration is the? | exchange of gases |
| The gases that are exchanged are? | oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) |
| Erythrocytes appear as biconcave disks with edges that are? | thicker than the center of the cell (cream savers) |
| Erythrocytes do not have nuclei so they do not have the ability to? | divide (replicate) can not duplicate |
| Erythropoiesis means | the formation of the erythrocytes. |
| Erythropoiesis occurs in the? | red bone marrow AKA myeloid tissue |
| A normal erythrocyte count is? | 4-6 million/mm3 |
| Erythropoietin is a hormone produced by the? | kidneys |
| Erythropoietin is necessary for? | erythrocyte development. |
| Erythrocytes live for approximately? | 120 days |
| Erythrocytes die at a rate of? | 2,000,000/second |
| Hemolysis means? | the break up or destruction of blood (RBCs) |
| Bilirubin is? | dead,broken up erythrocytes |
| Hyperbilirubinemia means? | a blood condition of excessive bilirubin. |
| Hyperbilirubinemia causes? | jaundice or icterus. |
| Jaundice (icterus) is a? | yellowish, orange discoloration to the skin or sclera. |
| Hyperbilirubinemia can be caused by? | liver, gall bladder, or pancreatic dysfunction. |
| The blood protein found inside RBCs that is necessary for RBCs to carry O2 and CO2 is called? | hemoglobin |
| A normal hemoglobin range is? | 12-17g/dL |
| The element necessary for healthy hemoglobin is called? | iron (Fe) |
| Foods rich in iron (Fe) include? | red meat and dark green leafy vegetables. |
| Hematocrit ("crit"0 is the measure of the? | packed cell volume (PCV) |
| PCV is the percentage of? | blood attributed to erythrocytes (RBCs) |
| H+H stands for? | hemoglobin (Hgh) and hematocrit (Hct of ("crit") |
| MCH stands for? | mean cell hemoglobin |
| MCHC stands for? | mean cell hemoglobin concentration |
| Anemia refers to? | erythrocytopenia and/or a deficiency of hemoglobins. |
| Erythrocytopenia is a? | deficiency of erythrocytes (RBCs) |
| Leukocytes are part of your? | immune response against foreign proteins. |
| Foreign proteins are called? | antigens |
| A normal leukocyte count is? | 5000-11,000mm3 |
| Leukocytosis is an? | elevated leukocyte count (WBC) |
| Infection can cause a leukocytosis of? | 20,000mm3 |
| Leukopoiesis means? | the formation of leukocytes (WBCs) |
| Leukopoiesis occurs in the? | red bone marrow |
| 1 Monocytes are? | phagocytes |
| Phagocytes are? | eating cells (PAC-MEN) |
| Phagocytes consume? | antigens |
| Neutrophils are? | phagocytes |
| basophils release? | histamine and heparin. |
| Histamine triggers the? | inflammatory response |
| Heparin prevents? | clotting and promotes blood flow |
| Eosinophils lessen allergic reactions and increase in number in the event of? | a parasitical worm infestation (helminths). |
| Lymphocytes help produce? | antibodies |
| Antibodies are necessary to defeat? | viral infections |
| Leukocytopenia means? | a deficiency of white cells |
| Leukemia refers to a? | blood condition of extreme leukocytosis or immature leukocytes (WBCs) |
| Thrombocytes (platelets) are needed for? | proper coagulation. |
| A normal thrombocyte count is? | 150,000-300,000mm3 |
| Thrombocytes (platelets) are produced at a rate of? | 200,000,000/day |
| Thrombopoiesis occurs in the? | red bone marrow. |
| Hemophilia is a genetic coagulopathy caused by a deficiency of a? | clotting factor |
| Thrombus - thrombi are? | clot(s) |
| Embolus- emboli are a? | floating clots |
| Thrombolysis or thrombolytic means? | the break up or destruction of clots |
| Anticoagulant means? | against coagulation (clotting) |
| Thrombocytopenia means? | a deficiency of platelets (clot cells) |
| Thrombocytosis means? | a abnormal condition of excessive platelets. |
| A bleeding time is a? | test to determine a person's ability to coagulate? |
| INR (international normalization ratio) is a? | test to determine a person's ability to coagulate. |
| Coagulation panel (profile) consists of? | INR, prothrombin, (PT), platelet count,and bleeding time. |
| DIC stands for? | disseminated intravascular coagulopathy. |
| DIC causes the coagulation process to? | collapse, followed by hypovolemic shock (exsanguination) and death |
| Plasma is the? | liquid portion of the blood |
| Plasma is made up of? | water, plasma proteins, salts, gases, nutrients, nitrogenous wastes,hormones, vitamins, and minerals |
| Plasma makes up approximately? | 55% of the blood volume |
| The cells and other elements make up? | 45% of the blood volume |
| A plasma protein necessary for proper fluid balance is? | albumin |
| Two plasma proteins that play a vital role in coagulation are? | fibrinogen and prothrombin (PT) |
| Proper prothrombin production requires adequate amounts of? | vitamin K |
| Foods rich in vitamin K include? | green leafy vegetables |
| Serum is? | plasma without fibrinogen or prothrombin (PT) |
| Plasmapheresis refers to the? | separation of the plasma from the blood cells |
| FFP stands for? | fresh frozen plasma |
| Cryoprecipitates refers to? | FFP (fresh frozen plasma) with clotting factors. |
| FFP (fresh frozen plasma) can be stored? | indefinitely |
| A bone marrow biopsy (Bx)is a? | test commonly used to determine cancers of the blood. |
| Myelogenic means? | pertaining to created by the bone marrow. |
| Hematocytopenia means? | a deficiency of blood cells |
| Hematoma refers to a? | mass of blood |
| Dyscrasia refers to? | any blood abnormality |
| Morphology means? | the study of shapes |
| Hypercholesterolemia is a? | blood condition of excessive cholesterol |
| Hematologist is a? | specialist in the study of blood. |
| Hemostasis (hemostatic) means? | the stoppage or controlling of bleeding. |
| A complete blood count (CBC) is a count of the numbers of? | 1. Erythrocytes (RBCs) 2. Leukocytes (WBCs) 3. Thrombocytes (platelets) 4. Hemoglobin (Hgh) and hematocrit (Hct) 5. ESR or "sed rate" (erythrocyte sedimentation rate) |
| An elevated ESR includes? | inflammation |
| A differential ("diff") is an? | individual count of the five different types of leukocytes. |
| The four blood types are? | A, B, AB and O |
| Each blood type has a + or - called an? | Rh factor |
| The universal donor is type? | O+ |
| The universal recipient is type? | AB+ |
| A negative Rh blood type can be given ? | to a positive RH blood type |
| A positive Rh CANNOT be given to a? | negative Rh blood type |
| Blood is transfused in? | Units (U) |
| Donated blood has a refrigerated shelf life of? | 42 days |
| Type and cross-match (screen) (T+CM) means? | determining blood type and compatibility with other blood types |
| PRBCs stands for? | packed red blood cells |
| A lipid profile (panel) includes? | 1. Total cholesterol should be <200mg/DL 2.HDL(high density lipoproteins ("good cholesterol") should be >60mg/dL 3.Triglycerides should be <200mg/dL 4.LDL(low density lipoproteins)should be <100mg/dL |
Created by:
Penny S
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