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A&P General
Anatomy
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| rough ER: synthesis of: | secretory proteins, integral membrane proteins |
| smooth ER: synthesis of: | lipids & steroids; also CHO metab |
| Golgi apparatus | process & package proteins & lipids |
| 1st branchial (pharyngeal) arch AKA mandibular arch = | Trigeminal nerve (V2 and V3) |
| 2nd branchial (pharyngeal) arch AKA hyoid arch = | Facial nerve (VII) |
| 3rd branchial (pharyngeal) arch = | Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) |
| 4th branchial (pharyngeal) arch = | Vagus nerve (X); Superior laryngeal nerve |
| 6th branchial (pharyngeal) arch = | Vagus nerve (X); Recurrent laryngeal nerve |
| Hypothalamus hormones | CRH, GHRH, GnRH, TRH, DA, SS |
| Pituitary hormones | Prolactin; GH; ACTH; ADH; TSH; LH/FSH |
| Adrenal hormones | Epinephrine; Cortisol; Aldosterone |
| Control of prolactin | produced by pit; neg inhib by DA (so the more DA, less prolactin) |
| Regulation of Hypothalamus | Upper cortical inputs (CNS); Autonomic NS; environmental cues (light & temp); Peripheral endocrine FB |
| FSH: fx | Estrogen (F); Spermatogenesis (M) [if no estrogen prod: FSH increases] |
| LH: fx | regulates ovulation; stimulates testosterone in men [if no testosterone prod: LH increases] |
| TSH: fx | increases thyroid hormone production [if no TH prod: TSH increases] |
| Prolactin: fx | induces lactation |
| GH: fx | controls acral growth |
| ACTH: fx | stimulates cortisol production |
| Axial skeleton: | 15 % of skel mass; verts, pelvis, skull; majority of cancellous bone (most of Ca efflux from this); 80 % of metabolic activity |
| Appendicular Skeleton | 85 % of skel mass; long bones; majority of cortical bone; 20 % of metabolic activity |
| More abundant; precursor to T3 | T4 |
| exerts majority of thyroidal hormone effects: | T3 |
| Circulating T3 & T4 | most is pro-bound; unbound = regulator for negative feedback inhibition mechanism |
| Thyroid hormones control: | O2 consumption CHO & protein metabolism, electrolyte mobilization & conversion of carotene to Vitamin A; also lipid synth & metab |
| Thyroid & insulin req in DM | Hypo: dec insulin req, inc chol/TG; hyper = inc insulin req, dec chol/TG |
| TBG affects: | amt serum T3 & T4 (not physiologic thyroid status, which is affected by free hormone) |
| 2 actions of ADH | Alters the permeability of renal collecting tubules to water; Causes vasoconstriction |
| ADH is secreted when serum osmo exceeds: | 285 mOsm/L |
| Vit D metabolites: fn | responsible for absorption of dietary calcium & phosphate in intestines; enhance PTH fx on mobilization of skeletal Ca & PO4 |
| IGF's fn: | IGF’s mediate the effect of GH on skeletal muscle |
| Aldosterone made in: | zona glomerulosa |
| Aldosterone fn | reabsorption of sodium and excretion of potassium; prevention of hypovolemia & hyperkalemia |
| Cortisol fn | counters fx of insulin; anti-inflam |
| Cortisol level highest when: | in AM; in stress & exercise |
| Bartholin vs skene glands | bartholin: below and lateral to vagina, similar to Cowper gland; Skene: above and lateral (anterior vaginal wall) |
| 2 components of Aorta | thoracic (ascending, arch, descending); Abdominal |
| 3 layers of aorta: | Intima; Media; Adventitia |
| Hesselbach triangle | rectus sheath, inferior epigastric vessels, inguinal ligament |
| GI tract layers | SLMCSSM: serosa, mx externa (long mx, myenteric plexus, circular mx), submucosal plexus, serosa, (mx) mucosa, lam propria, epithelium |
| Sinus devt | maxil / ethmoid dz most common; fully formed at birth (clinical dz at 6 mos); sphenoid 7-8 yrs; frontal early teens |
Created by:
Abarnard
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