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Pathology CH 9 & 10
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Endocrine System | a collection of glands that secrete hormones |
| growth hormone | released from pituitary gland & stimulates conversion of fuel into new cells |
| adrenaline | aka epinephrine, a steroid hormone; is associated with short term high grade stress |
| cortisol | steroid hormone that influences the metabolism of proteins |
| mineralocortcoids | adrenal cortex secretions that help regulate electrolyte balance |
| insulin | decreases blood glucose |
| glucagon | increases blood glucose |
| thyroid hormones | secreted by the thyroid gland, T3 & T4 stimulate the metabolism of fuel into energy |
| calcitonin | stimulates osteoblasts to extract calcium from blood and add to bone density |
| parathyroid hormone | antagonist of calcitonin, stimulates osteoclast activity |
| testosterone, estrogens, and progesterone | steroid hormones, have to do with secondary sexual characteristics, menstrual cycle, maintaining pregnancy and a host of toehr issues |
| Diabetes Mellitus | a group of related disorders that all result in hyperglycemia or elevated levels of sugar in the bloodstream; common signs- polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia |
| Hyperthyroidism | the thyroid gland produces excessive amounts of hormones that stimulate metabolism of fuel into energy, aka Graves disease |
| Hypothyroidism | circulating levels of thyroid hormones are abnormally low, interferes with the body's ability to generate energy from fuel |
| Metabolic Syndrome | aka Syndrome X, Dysmetabolic Syndrome, Insulin Resistance Syndrome, Prediabetes, or Deadly Quartet; a cluster of 5 main features- high triglycerides, low high density lipoproteins, hypertension, central obesity, and high fasting blood glucose |
| Urinary System | composed of kidneys, ureters, bladder & urethra |
| hematuria | blood in the urine |
| filtration | movement of substances through a membrane by external mechanical pressure |
| Kidney Stones | aka Renal Calculi or Nephrolithiases; crystals sometimes developed in the renal pelvis |
| Pyelonephritis | infection of the nephrons in the kidney |
| Kidney Failure | aka Renal Failure, kidneys are not functioning adequately |
| Bladder Cancer | growth of malignant cells in the urinary bladder, 4th leading cancer among men & 10th leading cancer among women |
| Interstitial Cystitis | a condition in which the urinary bladder becomes small and inelastic |
| Urinary Tract Infection | infection that may occur anywhere in the lower urinary system |
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