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G146 - Study Guide
Mr. Dowd's Class: Semester II Final Study Guide
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Russian Czar | The Russian ruler before the revolution |
| Peter the Great of Russia | Helped modernize Russia, St. Petersburg was his idea |
| Divine Right Monarch | Claiming to be god’s representative to assume power |
| James I of England | King who inherited his mother, Queen Elizabeth’s, debt, made Puritans in parliament angry |
| Louis XIV of France | Absolute monarch who lived luxuriously, build the Palace of Versailles |
| Characteristics of Absolute Monarchs | Divine Right, control all aspects of society, have dynasties, Monarchies, got involved in wars, controlled a lot of wealth |
| Fredrick the Great | Prussian ruler, followed his father’s military policies, but also introduced reforms and advocated religious tolerance, thought a ruler should be a father to his people. |
| The English Civil War | Royalists, (Crusaders) who supported Charles I vs Parliament, (Roundheads) led by Oliver Cromwell, in response to Parliament passing laws to limit royal power |
| The declaration of Independence | Declared the US independent from England |
| The Geocentric Theory | Believed that the Earth was the center of the universe |
| The Heliocentric Theory | Believed that the Sun was at the center of the solar system |
| Copernicus | An astronomer who believed in the Heliocentric theory |
| Francis Bacon | Created the Scientific Method |
| Isaac Newton | A scientist who discovered gravity, laws of motion, and invented calculus |
| John Locke | Enlightenment Philosopher, came up with the natural rights of humans: Life, liberty, and property |
| Montesquieu | Wanted the separation of powers |
| Rousseau | Wanted direct democracy, had a social contract |
| Congress of Vienna | Met to regroup Europe after the revolutions and Napoleon’s fall, established more monarchies |
| Metternich | Led the Congress of Vienna |
| Estates General of France | A meeting of representatives from all social classes |
| The Third Estate | Peasants, laborers, and merchants, France’s lowest social class |
| Bastille Day | Like Independence Day for France, revolutionaries seized a royal prison, taking weapons and gunpowder |
| Reign of Terror | Time period in the French Revolution when Robespierre controlled and executed many people |
| Napoleon’s Domestic Policies | Uniform laws – The Napoleonic Code, lowered injustice and freedom of speech and press, took away the church’s political power |
| Committee of Public Safety | Led by Robespierre, to get rid of possible enemies, including his fellow radicals and Jacobins |
| Nationalism | Loyalty to people who share a similar background |
| Garibaldi | The Italian military officer who led the Red Shirts |
| Italian Unification | Garibaldi gathered the territories under King Victor Emanuel I’s rule in Italy |
| German Unification | Otto von Bismarck used “Realpolitik” to unite the Germanic Kingdoms and Prussia |
| San Martin | Led the South American revolutions against Spain |
| Mexican Independence | Called for by Miguel Hildalgo, Morelos fights Iturbide for independence but loses, when liberals take over Spain, Iturbide declares independence |
| Toussaint L’Ouverture | Led the Haitian revolution |
| Napoleon | Brilliant military general who led France after the revolution, crowned himself emperor |
| Military Engagements of Napoleon | The Russian Invasion, The Battle of Waterloo, The Battle of Trafalgar, The Peninsular War |
| Entrepreneur | A businessman who takes the economic risks of investing in something |
| Adam Smith | “The Father of Capitalism”, wrote “The Wealth of Nations” |
| Socialism | A political system in which there is no private ownership and everyone is taken care of |
| Karl Marx | “The Father of Communism”, wrote “Das Kapital”, and “The Communist Manifesto” |
| Industrial Revolution | The increased use of machines and machine-produced goods, started in Great Britain |
| Laissez-Faire | The belief that government should not interfere in economic matters |
| Consequences of the Industrial Revolution | Populations increased, sanitation failed, wealth gap widened, workers revolutions began, more jobs |
| Consequences of the Railroad | Transportation became easier, more jobs, empires expanded, easier communication, modernization spread |
| British Empire | Great Britain and its colonies, “Crown Jewel” was India, that was a great naval power and reached its height under Queen Victoria |
| Berlin Conference | A meeting of Europeans on how to split up Africa |
| Opium wars | A conflict between Britain and China over drug sales, fought mostly at sea, “unmodern” Chinese were humiliated |
| WWI | Allies vs Central Powers, Central Powers lost, started with the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand |
| Total war | When an nation’s economy is totally contributed and related to the war |
| Propaganda | The use of one-sided media to influence public opinion |
| Zimmerman Telegram | A note from Germany asking for Mexican support in exchange for help regaining territory lost to the US |
| Militarism | Glorifying and always having a prepared army |
| Schlieffen Plan | The German strategy for fighting a Two-Front war: Attack and defeat France quickly then return to beat the Russians |
| Central Powers | Germany and Austria-Hungary, WWI |
| Allied Powers | US, Britain, France, Russia, WWI |
| Fourteen Points | Wilson’s post-war peace plan |
| Treaty of Versailles | The post-war treaty that was signed after WWI, did massive damage to Germany |
| Unrestricted Submarine Warfare | German policy of attacking any ship in British waters without warning |
| Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand | Austro-Hungarian heir, killed by Gavrilo Princip, a Serbian nationalist and member of “The Black Hand” |
| Trench Warfare | “Stalemate Wars” fought from two Earthen dugouts, series of tunnels, separated by a “No-Man’s Land” |
| Stalin | The Totalitarian Communist Dictator who took over Russia after Lenin |
| Great Purges | A campaign of terror launched by Stalin directed at eliminating rivals to his power and forcing conformation to the state, discouraging individual creativity |
| Totalitarianism | Controlling every aspect of society as an all powerful dictator |
| Pogroms | Organized persecutions of Jewish people |
| Bolsheviks | A political party in Russia of radical Marxists |
| Five Year Plans | Stalin’s plans to rebuild Russian economy by setting impossibly high production goals |
| Gandhi | The leader of the Indian independence movement who advocated civil disobedience and non-violence |
| Salt March | A non-violent protest in India against the British monopoly of salt, people marched to the ocean to make their own salt |
| Indian Independence | Gained after long civil movements, but there was infighting between Muslims and Hindus afterward, used non-violent methods when possible |
| Fascism | A political system in which totalitarian and militaristic tactics are used to meet nationalistic and elite goals |
| Communism | A political system in which the government takes a larger role in ensuring that all citizens are equal |
| Mein Kampf | The book written by Adolf Hitler during his time in prison expressing his ideas and goals for Germany, means “My Struggle” |
| Lebensraum | “Living Room”, Hitler tried to gain some more land so his people could have this |
| Nazism | A political system that combines Hitler’s racial beliefs and fascist techniques |
| Axis powers | Germany Italy, Japan – All Fascist, WWII |
| Non-Aggression Pact | An agreement between Germany and Russia not to attack each other, Hitler went back on this |
| Munich Conference | A meeting in which Britain appeased Hitler by allowing him to take the Sudetenland |
| Appeasement | Giving in to an aggressor to maintain peace |
| Holocaust | The systematic killing of Jewish people |
| Japanese Invasion of Manchuria | Hoping to expand their empire’s industry and control, the Japanese invaded this country north of China, postponed the Chinese civil war, and set up a puppet government |
| Invasion of Poland | This was the first time Hitler’s army used the “Blitzkrieg” tactic |
| D-Day | The Allied invasion of France at Normandy beach, led by Eisenhower |
| Pearl Harbor | An attack on a US naval base that brought them into WWI against the Japanese |
| Battle of Midway | The US forces defeated the Japanese who were trying to take a strategic US base in the Pacific |
| Nuremberg Trial | War trials against Nazis |
| Final Solution | Hitler’s last plan to get rid of Jewish people: Genocide and concentration camps |
| Atomic Bomb | A nuclear weapon whose power comes from splitting an atom |
| Bay of Pigs | An invasion of Cuba by CIA trained Cuban exiles, the US failed to provide air support and the invaders were captured easily |
| Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan | Equivalent of Vietnam War for the US to the USSR, trying to uphold communism against the Mujahideen, a local terrorist group with US weapons |
| Iron Curtain | A metaphor for the division between communist and non-communist nations in Europe |
| NATO | North Atlantic Treaty Organization, a defensive alliance including Great Britain and the US |
| Truman Doctrine | Allowed the US to send aid to countries that reject communism |
| Third World Countries | Politically unstable and economically challenged countries that are not aligned with the US or the USSR |
| Tiananmen Square | The site of a student-led protest for democracy in China |
| Marshall Plan | Allowed the US to send aid and supplies to help rebuild Europe’s economies |
| Perestroika | Mikhail Gorbachev’s plan for economic restructuring by giving local managers greater authority and allowing small private businesses to be created |
Created by:
Vingkan
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