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G146 - Semester II
Mr. Dowd's Class: Semester II Full Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Parliament | The legislative body in England |
| Divine Right | Belief that god has chosen a person to be an Absolute Monarch |
| Absolutism | One person controlling every part of government |
| Despotism | Being an "eternal ruler" |
| Edict of Nantes | Issued by Henry of Navarre (IV), allowed Huguenots to worship and feel religious tolerance in France |
| Palace of Versailles | A great, luxurious palace commissioned by Louis XIV |
| Thirty Years' War | A war between the Catholic League (Catholics) and the Protestant Union (Lutherans and friends) |
| Peace of Westphalia | Ended the Thirty Years' War, Decreased Hapsburg power, strengthened France, and was the start of organized peace settlement meetings |
| Seven Years' War | A war between Austria, France, and Russia v.s. Prussia and Great Britain |
| Westernization | Adopting cultural and technical traits from countries in Western Europe |
| Boyars | Nobles in Russia who fought for control |
| Constitutional Monarchy | A monarchy in which laws limit the rulers powers |
| Restoration | The period under Charles II (Of England) in which "Habeas Corpus" was put into action |
| Glorious Revolution | The blood-less overthrowing of James II by William and Mary of Orange |
| Mughals | The Turks who ruled in India |
| Sikhism | A religion that believed in non-violence |
| Taj Mahal | An honorary tomb built by Shah Jahan in memory of his wife, Mumtaz Mahal |
| Bill of Rights | From England's Constitutional Monarchy, a document written by Parliament the listed the things that the king could not do |
| Catherine the Great | A Russian ruler who abolished torture and promoted religious tolerance, expanded Russia to get passage through the Ottoman Empire |
| Fredrick the Great | Improved education and advocated religious freedom, he said that a ruler should be like a father towards his people |
| Maria Theresa | An Austrian ruler who held off the Prussians in the War of Austrian Succession, and switched her allies in the Seven Years' War |
| Peter the Great | An Absolute Monarch who modernized Russia, fought Sweden to get room for a Baltic Sea port - St. Petersburg |
| Louis XIV | A French Absolute Monarch who improved France's economy, involved France in reckless wars, and built the Palace of Versailles, known for living very lavishly |
| Cardinal Richelieu | French minister who ruled in place of Louis XIII, increased the power of the French middle class, fought Hapsburg rulers in the Thirty Years' War |
| Charles I | An English king who was forced to sign the Petition of Right, and led the royalists (cavaliers) against the Parliament in the English Civil War |
| Akbar | An Indian Ruler who succeeded in military conquest, offered religious tolerance, executed a effective government, and blended many cultures from his area |
| Oliver Cromwell | An English Military Dictator who banned many parts of western culture from England |
| Suleyman the Magnificent | The Ottoman sultan who crated a law code, simplified taxes, expanded the Ottoman Empire, used the "Devshirme" system, and commissioned a great "mosque" |
| Shah Jahan | An Indian ruler who built the Taj Mahal |
| Philip II | Inherited Spain's throne and claimed that of Portugal, used colonies and resources to increase Spain's wealth |
| William and Mary of Orange | Ousted James II from England, and installed a Constitutional Monarchy, ruled with Parliament |
| Huguenots | French Protestants |
| Heliocentric | The belief, mainly explored by Copernicus, that the planets revolve around the Sun, and not the Earth |
| Enlightenment | A period in which many intellectuals began to rethink the ways of government, society, and thought |
| Salons | Social gatherings (often held by women) in which intellectuals met to discuss enlightenment ideas |
| Separation of Powers | A system in government in which no one person controls every part of rule (e.g., Great Britain: King, Cabinet and Parliament) similar to the United States' Checks and Balances system |
| Geocentric | The belief that the earth is unmoving and at the center of the entire universe, made "popular" by the Catholic church |
| Social Contract | A belief about the way those who govern and their governed should act or coexist, Hobbes': People are bad, need good ruler to control them, power comes from people |
| Deism | Belief in god based on only reason and nature |
| Natural Rights | John Locke's list of rights that all humans have, and that the government must protect: Life, Liberty, and Property |
| Scientific Method | A way of using logic to learn about the universe, Problem - Hypothesis - Experimentation - Collection of Data - Analysis of Data - and Conclusions |
| Philosophes | French Philosophers who believed in Reason, Nature, Happiness, Progress, and Liberty |
| Checks and Balances | Using several branches of government to prevent one person from seizing total control |
| Isaac Newton | An English scientist who discovered gravity and invented Calculus |
| Baron de Montesquieu | A french Philosophe who believed in the Separation of Powers, admired Great Britain's government |
| Galileo Galilei | A Italian scientist who observed space using the telescope, he drew the "wrath" of the Catholic church for supporting Copernicus' Heliocentric theory |
| John Locke | believed that humans could improve from their past experiences, believed that government must preserve every human's Natural Rights: Life, Liberty, and Property |
| Voltaire | (Francois Marie Arouet)A French writer who used satire to defend freedom of religion and freedom of speech |
| Francis Bacon | Believed that Science could improve human life, used Empiricism: the process of experimenting to learn about the universe |
| Thomas Hobbes | Believed that humans are naturally bad, and that they need a ruler to control them, presented the Social Contract, believed that Absolute Monarchy was the best form of government |
| Mary Wollstonecraft | Believed that women need education to be "virtuous and useful", encouraged women to seek jobs in male-dominated fields |
| French Revolution | A time period in which the lower classes of France revolted to achieve a democratic government |
| National Assembly | The members of the Third Estate who created a new constitution for France during the French Revolution |
| Great Fear | The period of the French Revolution in which peasants used force to demand food and later oust the king and queen |
| Jacobins | A group of radicals during the French Revolution who included Jean-Paul Marat, Georges Danton, and Maximilien Robespierre |
| Reign of Terror | The period of the French Revolution in which Maximilien Robespierre controlled France and executed many people, mostly various peasants |
| Conservatives | People who believe in keeping what is already present, in the case of the French Revolution, these people wanted to maintain monarchy |
| Napoleonic Code | A uniform set of laws created by Napoleon Bonaparte that combated injustice, but also limited freedom of speech and press, as well ass increasing slavery in French colonies |
| Scorched-Earth Policy | A tactic used by the Russian army that burns crop fields so that enemy armies have nothing to eat |
| Battle of Waterloo | A battle during Napoleon's "Hundred Days" campaign in which the British and Prussian forces defeated the French and exiled Napoleon for good |
| Latin American Revolutions | As the French Revolution and Napoleon's shenanigans upset Europe's peace, colonies in South and Central America took the opportunity to claim independence |
| Emancipation | Gaining political rights and equality from a "Mother Group" e.g., Freedom from slavery or independence |
| Old Regime | The social system in France in which Nobles and Clergymen control the power, wealth, and land |
| Tennis Court Oath | A pledge made by the third estate Delegates to stay in a Tennis Court at the Palace of Versailles until they had drawn up a new constitution |
| Declaration of the Rights of Man | Organized by the National Assembly, said that "Men are born free and remain equal" |
| Guillotine | A execution machine that beheaded prisoners by using a very sharp blade and the forces of gravity |
| Committee of Public Safety | Was a political organization during the Reign of Terror headed by Maximilien Robespierre whose chief job was to protect the revolution from its enemies, often by executing them |
| Moderates | People who desire change but not to the extent of Radical parties |
| Battle of Trafalgar | Against the British fleet, one of Napoleon's only loses, ended his chance of invading Great Britain |
| Russian Invasion | Napoleon's (Failed) attempt to invade Russia after alliance disconnects with Czar Alexander I, the return through Russian winter resulted in the loss of almost all of his troops |
| Congress of Vienna | A meeting of delegates from European countries to restore peace and order to the continent following Napoleon's exile |
| Mulatto | The social group in Colonial Latin America consisting of European-Africans and enslaved Africans |
| Bourgeoisie | Middle Class French people, including merchants |
| First Estate | Clergymen, church officials, A "Privileged Estate" |
| Second Estate | Nobles, A "Privileged Estate" |
| Third Estate | Middle Class, workers, laborers, and peasants |
| Estates General | A representative assembly with members from all three estates |
| Bastille | A French Prison |
| Emigres | Nobles and others who wanted the Old Regime to return to France |
| Liberal | A person favorable to progress and reform |
| Coup d'etat | Sudden seizure of power |
| Radicals | People who want vast changes to be made |
| Continental System | A blockade set up by Napoleon to cut off Great Britain from the rest of Europe |
| 100 Days | Napoleon's campaign to regain power in France after his first exile |
| Balance of Power | A state in which no country can easily overpower another |
| Creole | A social group in Colonial Latin America consisting of Europeans born there |
| Peninsulars | Colonists born in Spain who could hold high office |
| Louis XVI | An indecisive French king who ruled before the Revolution began, married to Marie Antoinette |
| Maximilien Robespierre | A Jacobin member who seized power during a period known as "The Reign of Terror" and worked to erase every memory of France's past |
| Jose de San Martin | A liberator in the Latin American Revolution, helped free Chile |
| Marie Antoinette | Married to Louis XVI, known for gambling and losing s lot of money, executed during "The Reign of Terror" |
| Klemens von Metternich | An Austrian politician who set three goals at the Congress of Vienna: Prevent France from rising to an attack again, achieve a "Balance of Power", and reinstate royal monarchs to their thrones |
| Toussaint L'Ouverture | The leader of the Haitian revolution, succeeded by Jean-Jacques Dessalines |
| Napoleon Bonaparte | A French military leader who seized power over France after the revolution |
| Simon Bolivar | A liberator in the Latin American Revolution, Freed Venezuela, and drove the Spanish out of Latin America, achieving his dream of a united "Gran Colombia" |
| Father Miguel Hidalgo | Called for the Mexican Revolution against Spain |
| Militarism | The glorification and support of increased mobilization and armies |
| Nationalism | Being loyal to people of similar background and culture |
| Fourteen Points | President Woodrow Wilson's Post-WWI plans |
| League of Nations | A group of representatives from many different countries whose goal is to resolve world conflicts and issues peacefully |
| Total War | When a country's economy and lifestyle is controlled by the wartime government |
| New Weapons of War | Tanks, Large Artillery, Poison Gas, The Machine Gun |
| New Medicine | Vaccines and other techniques used to fight diseases like the "Spanish Flu" |
| Women's Suffrage | A movement for women to gain equality and privileges in society, mainly the right to vote |
| Diplomacy | The usually peaceful use of politics to prevent or resolve conflicts |
| Alliances | When countries pledge to help each other in times of war |
| Treaty of Versailles | The main peace treaty that emerged after World War I, punished Germany on the terms of "War Guilt" |
| Balkans | People who live in the Balkan Peninsula, near the Black and Mediterranean Seas |
| Schlieffen Plan | Germany's plan to win World War 1: quickly defeat the French, then attack the slow-mobilizing Russians |
| Trench Warfare | When opposing sides in a war fight from earthen ditches |
| Central powers | Germany, The Austro-Hungarian Empire, Bulgaria, and The Ottoman Empire in World War 1 |
| Allies | Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy, Japan, and later the United States of America in World War 1 |
| Black Hand | A secret group of nationalists who planned to remove Austro-Hungarian rule from Bosnia, included Gavrilo Princip |
| Lusitania | A passenger ship that was sunk by German submarines because it was carrying ammunition, one of the triggers of US involvement in World War 1 |
| Unrestricted Submarine Warfare | The German policy of attacking any ship near British waters without warning |
| Zimmerman Note | A German offer to Mexico which said that Germany would help Mexico reconquer lost land from the US in return for support in World War 1, when it was intercepted it was the "last straw" in US involvement in World War 1 |
| Propaganda | One-sided release of news and campaigning to generate good morale and support for an organization |
| Armistice | A peace agreement that ends or postpones a war |
| Gallipoli Campaign | The allies' attempt to capture the Dardanelles Strait and gain access to the Ottoman capital and a shipping route to Russia, FAILED |
| Kaiser Wilhelm II | The German ruler who forced Otto von Bismarck to resign and failed to keep up a treaty with Russia, which eventually lost them as an ally |
| Czar Nicholas II | The ruler of Russia during World War 1, resigned before Russia left the war and was replace by Vladimir Lenin |
| Archduke Franz Ferdinand | The heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne whose murder was one of the main causes of World War 1 |
| Gavrilo Princip | A Serbian nationalist who murdered Archduke Franz Ferdinand, a member of The Black Hand |
| Woodrow Wilson | The US president who asked congress to enter World War 1, one of the most influential leaders at the Paris Peace Conference who detailed the Fourteen Points |
| Georges Clemenceau | The French leader who was one of the most influential people at the Paris Peace Conference |
| Vitorio Orlando | The Italian leader who was one of the most influential people at the Paris Peace Conference |
| David Lloyd George | The British leader who was one of the most influential people at the Paris Peace Conference |
| Communism | A form of government in which the state owns everything and all citizens share in earnings |
| Totalitarianism | When the government controls all aspects of people's lives, often through the use of secret police, indoctrination, propaganda, censorship, and racial persecution |
| Proletariat | The working class in society |
| Pogroms | Organized persecution of Jewish people |
| Five Year Plan | Stalin's plans for rehabilitating Russia's economy by setting nearly impossible quotas and limiting the production of consumer goods |
| Great Purge | Stalin's attempt to remove potential communist rivals through execution and exile |
| Secret Police | Groups of officials who are loyal to the ruler and spy on various aspects of society, common in totalitarian states |
| Propaganda | One-sided release of news and campaigning to generate good morale and support for an organization |
| Bolsheviks | A branch of radical Marxists that developed during the Russian revolution |
| Soviet | Councils of Socialist peasants, workers, and soldiers who worked to gain local power during the Russian revolution |
| Bloody Sunday | A massacre of Russian families who came to petition Czar Nicholas at his winter palace for better working conditions, more personal freedom, and an elected legislature |
| March Revolution | A movement of strikes and protests that ended Czarist rule in Russia, replacing it with a provisional government |
| Russian Civil War | A conflict between the "Red Army" of Russian Communists and the "White Army" that opposed their rule |
| Red Army | The fighting force of communist parties in Russia and China |
| Kulaks | Wealthy peasant farmers in Russia who opposed collective farms |
| Long March | The retreat of Mao Zedong's communist forces from the Chinese Nationalist attacks |
| Vladimir Lenin | A Russian Communist leader who led his party through the end of the Russian Revolution and took them out of World War 1, he was succeeded by Joseph Stalin |
| Rasputin | A mystic who controlled power through Czarina Alexandra while Russia was occupied with World War 1 |
| Joseph Stalin | The Totalitarian leader who led Russia after the Russian revolution |
| Alexander III | The Russian Czar who halted reforms, secured total Czarist power, and fought against non-Russian nationalism |
| Nicholas II | The Russian Czar who involved his country in World War 1 |
| Leon Trotsky | The brilliant Bolshevik general who led the "Red Army" to victory in the Russian Civil War, he ran against Stalin for rule after Lenin's stroke |
| Sun Yixian | The first great Chinese leader of the Kuomintang party, established the "Three Principles of the People" |
| Appeasement | Giving in to an aggressor to maintain peace |
| Fascism | Intense nationalism and use of military force to accomplish goals |
| Racial Superiority | The belief that one "race" is better than another |
| Eugenics | The belief in the possibility of improving human qualities |
| Work Camp | A place where enemies of state are sent to labor so that they stay out of political matters |
| Collectivization | The process of consolidating private land to improve an industrial or economic situation |
| Invasions | When a country moves its troops into another nation to gain land or resources |
| Black Shirts | Fascist supporters and soldiers |
| Brown Shirts | The private Nazi militia |
| Ideology | Sets of ideas and beliefs that guide peoples' actions |
| Command Economy | When the government controls economic decisions |
| Great Depression | A worldwide economic drought arising from the lack of American financial aid, which came from the United States' own economic "crash" |
| Nazism | Policies of military force, racial cleansing, and fascism in Germany under Adolph Hitler |
| Mein Kampf | The work written by Adolph Hitler while in prison, outlining Nazi ideas and his goals for Germany, its name mean "My Struggle" |
| Lebensraum | Means "Living Room", and the lack of it encouraged Adolph Hitler to conquer nearby lands |
| Axis Powers | The alliance formed by Germany, Italy, and Japan |
| Munich Conference | The meeting in which Britain and France appeased Germany with control of Sudetenland, eventually prompting more conquest by Germany |
| Third Reich | Nazi Germany under Hitler's rule, following the Holy Roman Empire, and Otto von Bismarck's unified Germany |
| Sudetenland | A region near Czechoslovakia's western border that was home to many German-speaking people, it was the subject of Hitler's pursuit at the Munich Conference |
| Adolph Hitler | A German military leader who led the Nazi party to control of Germany |
| Joseph Goebbels | Adolph Hitler's Minister of Propaganda, very influential in Nazi Germany |
| Benito Mussolini | The fascist leader in Italy who gained power and support by promising to bring his country glory after failure to gain land in World War 1 |
| General Francisco Franco | The fascist leader who gained control of Spain after receiving aid and support from Italy and Germany (Mussolini and Hitler respectively) during the Spanish Civil War |
| Tojo | The Japanese Prime Minister who ordered the attack on Pearl Harbor |
| Neville Chamberlain | The British Prime Minister who favored appeasement and gave Germany Sudetenland at the Munich Conference |
| Imperialism | The policy of a "stronger" nation taking over "weaker" countries or territories for economic, political, and social gain |
| Puppet Governments | When an outside power controls the political affairs of another country in an indirect manner |
| Viceroy | The representative leader of a colonial territory from the imperial government |
| Colonialism | Sending settlers to another country or territory to act as an extension of their home nation |
| Raw Materials | Resources available in unexploited lands such as coal, diamonds, and other minerals |
| Social Darwinism | The application of "survival of the fittest" to society |
| White Man's Burden | The belief that Europeans are a superior "race" and that it is their duty to care for and advance other "inferior" populaces like Africans |
| Boxer Rebellion | A revolt in China against foreign privileges and influence |
| Opium Wars | A conflict between Great Britain and China over the sale of the narcotic Opium, fought mostly at sea leading to China's humiliating defeat as a result of inferior naval technology |
| Boer Wars | A conflict between Dutch and British Settlers over South African policy |
| Berlin Conference | A meeting of European powers to decide how to split up colonial Africa |
| Racism | The belief that one "race" is superior or inferior to another |
| Assimilation | The process of influencing one's culture upon an outside group |
| Crimean War | A conflict mainly between Russia and The Ottoman Empire for access to the Black Sea |
| Suez Canal | A man-made waterway near Egypt |
| Panama Canal | A man-made waterway built by the United States of America |
| Sepoy Mutiny | An uprising of hired Indian soldiers in response to British cultural insensitivity |
| Raj | The name for the period of direct British occupation of India |
| Annexation | Adding lands to a nation's jurisdiction through usually diplomatic means |
| Open Door Policy | The agreement suggested by the United States of America that allowed foreign nations to conduct trade in China |
| Meiji Restoration | The period of time in which Japan became more westernized |
| Monroe Doctrine | An American document discouraging colonization near the United States |
| Civil Disobedience | The purposeful ignorance of unjust laws to prompt their change |
| Queen Victoria | A British queen who took control as an immature young adult, and later encouraged imperialism, she ruled the British Empire during its greatest height of power |
| Empress Dowager Cixi | A Chinese ruler who enjoyed a long, almost uninterrupted, reign |
| Charles Darwin | An English scientist who also contributed to social philosophy |
| Shaka Zulu | An Africa Tribal leader who used strong military discipline and organization to create a centralized state |
| Cecil Rhodes | An English businessman who believed in the racial superiority of Europeans |
| Menelik II | The leader of Ethiopia who manipulated rival European countries and amassed a stock of modern weapons to keep his country free of European imperialistic rule |
| Gandhi | A leader of India's independence movement who preached non-violence and advocated civil disobedience |
| Queen Liliuokalani | The last monarch of Hawaii who tried to remove the power of foreign planters from her island nation |
| Emperor Meiji Mutsuhito | The ruler of Japan who helped modernize his country |
| Commodore Matthew Perry | An American Naval officer who led his ships into a Japanese harbor bringing a note from the United States president requesting open trade |
| Theodore Roosevelt | The United States president who was in power when the Panama Canal was built |
| Ali Jinnah | A leader of the Indian independence movement, formed the country of Pakistan |
| Nationalism | Being loyal to people of similar background and culture |
| Socialism | A governmental/economic system in which all citizens share in the nation's wealth |
| Capitalism | A governmental/economic system in which property is owned privately |
| Laissez Faire | The governmental policy of staying out of economic matters |
| Industrial Revolution | A time period in which the production and use of machine-made goods increased |
| Steam Engine | A technological advancement that powered machinery by using steam pressure |
| Factories | Facilities in which many workers gathered to create a product, often in bad working conditions |
| Revolutions of 1848 | A series of revolts aiming for democratic governments that were put down and replaced with the rule of conservative monarchs |
| Mass Production | Creating a product in large amounts quickly |
| Labor Unions | Groups of workers from the same trade who bargain with their factory owners for better wages, working conditions, and rights |
| Urbanization | The movement of people from rural areas to cities, caused by the rise of industrialization |
| Italian Unification | A movement in which Giuseppe Garibaldi and his army conquered lands to be united under the Piedmont-Sardinian king |
| German Unification | A movement led by Otto von Bismarck to unite Prussia an various surrounding kingdoms under one central government largely through the use of "Realpolitik" |
| Entrepreneur | A businessman who takes the risks of investing in a service, trade, or product to earn profit |
| Industrialization | The increased use of machines and machine-made goods |
| Factors of Production | The situations necessary for a strong economy, such as a good monetary foundation, resources, and a large labor source |
| Stock | A share in a business' profits and decisions |
| Corporations | Businesses that are run by stockholders |
| Proletariat | The working class in society |
| Strike | When a labor union refuses to work to prompt change in their rights |
| Bourgeoisie | The wealthy merchant class in society including factory owners |
| Franco-Prussian War | A conflict created by Otto von Bismarck pitting the Prussians and Germanic kingdoms against France that unified the Germanic states under a centralized government |
| Giuseppe Garibaldi | The leader of the "Red Shirts" who helped unify Italy |
| Otto von Bismarck | The leader who united the Germanic states through the use of "Realpolitik" |
| Adam Smith | The "Father of Capitalism" who wrote "The Wealth of Nations" |
| Karl Marx | The "Father of Communism" who wrote "The Communist Manifesto" and "Das Kapital" |
| James Watt | Invented and improved the steam engine |
| Jane Addams | A well-educated woman who created settlement homes for the poor |
| Charles Dickens | An English writer who described many parts of the British world during the Industrial time period |
| Napoleon II | Napoleon's nephew who took power over France after its revolution, also known as Louis-Napoleon |
| Holocaust | The systematic killing of Jewish people |
| D-Day | The allied invasion of the French port Normandy where they eventually defeated the German forces, and later liberated France |
| Pearl Harbor | A US base near Hawaii that was attacked by Japanese forces, drawing the US into World War 2 |
| Bataan Death March | When Japanese soldiers forced allied prisoners of war to march across a Pacific peninsula, while subjecting them to brutal treatment and death |
| Hiroshima/Nagasaki | The two Japanese cities on which the US dropped atomic bombs |
| Kamikaze | Japanese suicide pilots |
| Island Hopping | General MacArthur's strategy for defeating the Japanese in the Pacific by capturing under-protected islands closer to the island country |
| Blitzkrieg | Hitler's strategy of attacking with fast moving weapons, planes, and tanks, followed by a large infantry force, means "Lightning War" |
| Genocide | The systematic killing of a "race", religion, or ethnic group |
| Atomic Bomb | A nuclear weapon whose power comes from the splitting of an atom, the US dropped two of these on Japanese cities |
| United Nations | An international organization that tries to promote peace and global cooperation |
| Women at Work | The main American working group on the home front during World War 2 |
| Civilians at War | When a country sends its people to fight for it, in a draft-like manner, or to defend their city from an invasion |
| The Battle of Britain | A conflict between the "Luftwaffe" and the Royal Air Force where Hitler tried to gain an opportunity for a German invasion of Great Britain |
| Non Aggression Pact | An agreement between Germany and the USSR to refrain from fighting each other, Hitler broke this agreement |
| Dunkirk | The French port where the French troops were cornered by German forces, although they were eventually rescued by British ships, Germany was able to take France |
| Battle of the Bulge | A conflict in which German forces attacked a weak spot in the allied line in the Ardennes region, the allies held their position and eventually forced the Germans out |
| Midway | A US base that was attacked by Admiral Yamamoto and the Japanese fleet due to its strategic location, the US forces drove the Japanese out with a clever trap |
| Ghettos | Closed, isolated, segregated, and overcrowded areas where Jewish people were placed to starve to death |
| Final Solution | Hitler's last plan to cleanse his country of Jewish people: concentration camps and genocide |
| Concentration Camps | Places where the Nazis held and killed Jewish people |
| Japanese Internment Camps | Places in the US where Japanese-Americans were held so that they could not assist a possible Japanese invasion of the US |
| Kristallnacht | A mass terrorist attack on Jewish communities in response to the assassination of a German diplomat by Herschel Grynszpan |
| Aryans | The mistaken name for the German "Master Race" as advocated by Hitler |
| Stalingrad | A Russian city where German troops, led by Friedrich Paulus, were defeated by a Soviet counterattack in the winter after Hitler refused a retreat |
| Enola Gay | The B-29 aircraft that dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima |
| Nuremberg Trials | A series of trials against Nazis and other war criminals after World War 2 |
| Democratization | The process of creating a government elected by the people, as done by Douglas MacArthur during the US occupation of Japan |
| Manhattan Project | A top secret project whose goal was to create an atomic bomb |
| Winston Churchill | The prime minister of Great Britain during World War 2 |
| Franklin Roosevelt | The US president during World War 2, he died suddenly before the German surrender |
| Mao Zedong | The communist leader in China |
| Charles de Gaulle | The French leader who called for and organized French resistance and Nazi fighting units after the German occupation of France |
| Josef Stalin | The totalitarian communist leader of the USSR, he succeeded Lenin |
| Adolf Hitler | The fascist dictator in Germany who led the Nazi party and wrote "Mein Kampf" |
| Benito Mussolini | The fascist dictator in Italy who led his country during World War 2 |
| Tojo | The Japanese Prime Minister who ordered the attack on Pearl Harbor |
| George Patton | The US general who led the liberation of France and helped lead the invasion of Normandy |
| Montgomery | The British general who defeated Erwin Rommel's "Afrika Korps" at El Alamein |
| Rommel | The German commander of the "Afrika Korps" who defeated the British at the Suez Canal and Tobruk |
| Dwight Eisenhower | The US general who led the allied forces at the invasion of Normandy |
| Harry Truman | The US president who took over after Roosevelt's death and received the Nazi surrender in World War 2 |
| Douglas MacArthur | The US general who came up with the "Island Hopping" strategy and led the US occupation of Japan |
| Yamamoto | Japan's most strategic naval admiral in World War 2 who led the attack on Midway |
| Oppenheimer | The American scientist who helped develop the atomic bomb |
| Cold War | A conflict that comes short of direct military means |
| NATO | The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, a defense alliance including, the United States and Great Britain |
| Iron Curtain | A metaphor for the division between communist and non-communist countries in Europe |
| Marshall Plan | Allowed the United States to send supplies and aid to help rebuild Europe's economies |
| Truman Doctrine | Allowed the US to send aid to countries that rejected communism |
| Bay of Pigs | An invasion of Cuba by CIA trained Cuban exiles, when the US failed to provide air support, the invaders were easily defeated |
| Cultural Revolution | An uprising led by the Red Guards to achieve a society for workers and peasants, intellectual activity was also discouraged and punished during this movement |
| Cuban Missile Crisis | The Soviets set up 42 missile launch sites in Cuba causing a nuclear scare in the Untied States, The Soviets eventually removed these sites in return for the US agreement not to invade Cuba, also leading to Soviet leader Khrushchev's loss of prestige |
| Domino Theory | The belief that if one country accepts communism, its neighboring nations will take it up as well, this idea was presented by Eisenhower |
| Sputnik | The first human-made satellite put into orbit around the Earth, it was launched by the Soviets during the space race, effectively beating the Americans |
| Space Race | A competition between the United States and the Soviet Union to achieve technological goals first, particularly those related to aerospace travel |
| U2 Incident | The United States began to fly spy planes over Soviet territory to keep watch for nuclear preparations, one of these planes was shot down and its pilot, Francis Gray Powers, was captured |
| Tienanmen Square | To site of a student-led protest to bring democracy to China |
| Chernobyl | The site of a nuclear accident resulting from failure to use proper safety protocol |
| Hydrogen Bomb | A thermonuclear weapon whose power comes from atomic fusion rather than fission as in the Atomic Bomb |
| Berlin Wall | A physical border separating Soviet-controlled East Berlin from the Western sections |
| Detente | The policy of lowering Cold War tensions, derived from Realpolitik, replaced Brinksmanship |
| Korean War | A conflict between Soviet-supported Communist North Korean factions and the South Koreans, supported by the United States trying to contain the spread of communism in the region |
| 38th Parallel | An imaginary line that crosses Korea at 38 degrees North Latitude, dividing North and South Korea closely to the actual line |
| Vietnam War | A conflict in which Vietnamese people tried to eliminate an oppressive leader, the Untied States intervened disastrously inn an attempt to stop the spread of communism in the region |
| Khmer Rouge | A group of communist rebel who set up a brutal communist government in Cambodia led by Pol Pot |
| Brinksmanship | The political strategy of going to the edge of war to gain influence on a situation |
| Warsaw Pact | A multinational alliance formed in response to NATO, including the USSR |
| Containment | The policy of stopping the spread of communist influence and government, as suggested by president Truman |
| United Nations | An international organization that tries to promote peace and global cooperation |
| Yalta Conference | A meeting of the leaders of Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and the United States to divide Germany and Berlin into zones |
| Potsdam Conference | After Stalin installed communist governments in countries near Russia's Western border, Truman, Churchill, and Stalin met to try and resolve tensions, Stalin refused to allow free elections |
| Berlin Airlift | After Stalin blockaded the East Berlin zone, British and American planes flew supplies in, eventually causing Stalin to lift the blockade |
| Destalinization | Khrushchev's policy of ridding the Soviet Union of any memory of Stalin |
| Third World | Nonaligned countries that are politically unstable and economically challenged |
| Iranian Revolution | The revolt led by Ayatollah Khomeini to rid Iran of the oppressive and secular Shah Pahlavi as well as American influence in the region |
| Iranian Hostage Crisis | After Iranian revolutionary students seized the US Embassy, they held hostages for 444 days until the Americans withdrew their influence and put Shah Pahlavi on trial |
| Taliban | A group of terrorists that emerged from the Mujahideen in Afghanistan |
| SALT | Strategic Arms Limitation Talks, limited the amount of Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles and submarine-launched missiles a country could have, signed by the United States and the Soviet Union |
| Mao Zedong | The communist leader in China |
| Ho Chi Minh | The nationalist communist leader of North Vietnam |
| John F Kennedy | The US president during the Bay of Pigs and the Cuban Missile Crisis |
| Nikita Khrushchev | The Soviet president during the Cuban Missile Crisis |
| Fidel Castro | The Cuban Communist Dictator |
| Ayatollah Khomeini | The leader of the Iranian Revolution, was against secular rule |
| Richard Nixon | The first US president to visit China, signed the first SALT treaty and helped improve American-Soviet relations with Detente |
| Lyndon Johnson | The US president who entered American soldiers in the Vietnam War |
| Ronald Reagan | An anti-communist American president who increased economic and military pressure on the Soviets, put more money into defense, and planned the Strategic Defense Initiative |
| Mikhail Gorbachev | A Soviet leader who wanted to bring the American-Soviet conflicts to an end, came up with the idea of Perestroika |
| Apartheid | A policy of economic and political segregation against non-European people, used in South Africa |
| Perestroika | Gorbachev's plan for economic restructuring of the Soviet Union by giving local managers greater authority and allowing small private business to be created |
| Glasnost | A Soviet policy giving greater freedom of speech and press to its people |
| OPEC | Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, an organization that works to stabilize control of the Petroleum markets |
| Soviet-Afghan War | The Soviet equivalent of the Vietnam War, in which the Soviets tried to stabilize communist government in Afghanistan while fighting the United States-supported terrorist group, the Mujahideen |
| Mutual Assured Destruction | The state of the Cold War in which the Soviet's nuclear arsenal matched that of the United States and either side could destroy the other repeatedly, bringing the idea that "whoever shoots first, dies second" |
| Star Wars (Strategic Defense Initiative) | A program designed by president Reagan to protect against enemy missile attacks, possibly using new, sometimes abstract, means such as lasers |
| Eisenhower Doctrine | US president Eisenhower's foreign policy that encouraged the use of American forces to stop the spread of communism in the Middle east and to give economic aid to countries with anti-communist governments |
| Suez Canal Crisis | A conflict over control of the Suez Canal after Egypt nationalized it, Soviet forces threatened to end it with force and restore peace by themselves |
| Rene Descartes | A skeptic who believed that nothing (Other than one's own existence) can be known for certain, used mathematics and logic to solve problems |
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