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immune system ap
chapter 21 immune system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| which cells are involved in innate immunity | natural killer cells, neutrophils, macrophages |
| what is the first line of defense in innate immunity | mechanical and chemical barriers |
| 15% of lymphocyte cells are | natural killer cells |
| what is the most numerous type of phagocyte | neutrophil |
| what tyoe of phagocytic monocyte migrates out of the bloodstream | macrophage |
| B cells and T cells are | Lymphocytes |
| cell-mediated immunity involes | T Cells |
| Sublets of T cells that diagnose Aids | CD4 and CD8 |
| an antibody consists of | 2 heavy and 2 light polypeptide chains |
| what is titer | the amount of antibodies in a person's blood in response to a pathogen |
| the most abundant circulating antibody | IgG |
| what are the specific cells that secrete antibodies | plasma |
| The immune system | protects against assaults on the body |
| External assaults | microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, and protozoans |
| Internal assaults | abnormal cells reproduce and form tumors that may become cancerous and spread |
| Self markers | —molecules on the surface of human cells that are unique to an individual |
| Non–self markers | —molecules on the surface of foreign or abnormal cells or particles and identify the particle as “non–self” to the immune system |
| Self-tolerance | —the ability of our immune system to attack abnormal or foreign cells but spare our own normal cells |
| Two major categories of immune mechanisms | —innate immunity and adaptive immunity |
| Innate immunity | provides a general, nonspecific defense against anything that is not “self |
| Adaptive immunity | acts as a specific defense against specific threatening agents |
| Primary cells for innate immunity | —epithelial barrier cells, phagocytes (neutrophils, macrophages), and natural killer cells; chemicals used in innate immunity—complement and interferon |
| Primary types of cells for adaptive immunity | lymphocytes called T cells and B cells |
| Cytokines | —any of several kinds of chemicals released by cells to promote innate and adaptive immune responses (examples: interleukin, interferon, leukotriene) |
| Species resistance | —genetic characteristics of an organism or species defends against pathogens |
| Mechanical and chemical barriers | our first line of defense |
| mucous membranes | The internal environment of the body is protected by a barrier formed by skin and |
| Lines of defense. three layers of protection. | 1.barriers between the internal and external environment 2.involves the innate inflammatory response (including phagocytosis) 3. includes the adaptive immune responses and the innate defense offered by NK cells. |
| second line of defense | inflamation |
| Inflammatory response | —tissue damage elicits responses to counteract injury |
| Inflammation mediators | include histamine, kinins, prostaglandins, and related compounds |
| Chemotactic factors | substances that attract white blood cells to the area of infection in a process called chemotaxis |
| Signs of inflammation | —heat, redness, pain, and swelling |
| Systemic inflammation | —occurs from a body-wide inflammatory response |
| Phagocytosis | —ingestion and destruction of microorganisms or other small particles by phagocytes |
| Diapedesis | — process by which immune cells (neutrophils) squeeze themselves through the wall of a blood vessel to get to the site of injury/infection |
| Opsonization | —mark foreign cells for destruction by phagocytes |
| Chemotaxis | —chemical attraction of cells to the source of the chemical attractant |
| Neutrophil | —most numerous type of phagocyte; usually first to arrive at site of injury; migrates out of bloodstream; kills bacteria; forms pus |
| Macrophages | Phagocytic monocytes grow larger after migrating from bloodstream |
| Dendritic cell | —type of macrophage with long branches or extensions. Examples are histiocytes in connective tissue, microglia in nervous system, and Kupffer cells |
| Natural killer cells | —lymphocytes that kill tumor cells and cells infected by viruses |
| Method of killing cells | —lysing cells by damaging plasma membranes |
| Interferon (INF) | —lysing cells by damaging plasma membranes |
| Complement | —group of enzymes that produce a cascade of reactions resulting in a variety of immune responses |
| Opsonization | —mark foreign cells for destruction by phagocytes |
| Two classes of lymphocytes | B lymphocytes (B cells) and T lymphocytes (T cells) |
| cluster designation (CD) | surface markers that the cells carry, for example, CD4 and CD8 cells |
| Lymphocytes flow through the bloodstream, become distributed in tissues, and return to the bloodstream in a ______ | continuous recirculation |
| B-cell mechanisms | —antibody-mediated immunity (humoral immunity); produce antibodies that attack pathogens |
| T cells attack | attack pathogens more directly—classified as cell-mediated immunity (cellular immunity) |
| Activation of lymphocytes requires two stimuli: | 1.a specific antigen 2.activating chemicals |
| Lymphocytes are densest where | where they develop — in bone marrow, thymus gland, lymph nodes, and spleen |
| B cells develop in two stages: | 1.Pre-B cells develop by a few months of age 2.occurs in lymph nodes and spleen—activation of B cell after it binds a specific antigen |
| B cells serve as | ancestors to antibody-secreting plasma cells |
| Antibodies | —proteins (immunoglobulins) secreted by activated B cell |
| An antibody molecule consists of | two heavy and two light polypeptide chains; each molecule has two antigen-binding sites and two complement-binding sites |
| Five classes of antibodies M, G, A, E, and D | M, G, A, E, and D |
| IgM | —it is the predominant class produced after initial contact with an antigen |
| IgG | makes up 75% of antibodies in the blood; predominant antibody of the secondary antibody response |
| IgA | —major class of antibody in the mucous membranes of respiratory and GI systems and in saliva and tears |
| IgE | —small amount; produces harmful effects such as allergies |
| IgD | —small amount in blood; precise function unknown |
| Antibodies are classified into five major groups: immunoglobulin M (IgM), immunoglobulin G (IgG), immunoglobulin A (IgA), immunoglobulin E (IgE), and immunoglobulin D (IgD). Notice that each IgM molecule has five Y | : immunoglobulin M (IgM), immunoglobulin G (IgG), immunoglobulin A (IgA), immunoglobulin E (IgE), and immunoglobulin D (IgD). Notice that each IgM molecule has five Y |
| Antibodies resist disease first by | recognizing foreign or abnormal substances |
| Epitopes bind to an antibody sites | antigen-binding sites |
| Complement | —a component of blood plasma consisting of several protein compounds |
| Complement kills foreign cells by | cytolysis or apoptosis |
| Complement causes | vasodilation, enhances phagocytosis, and other functions |
| Primary response | initial encounter with a specific antigen triggers the formation and release of specific antibodies that reaches its peak in a few days |
| Secondary response | —a later encounter with the same antigen triggers a much quicker response; B memory cells rapidly divide, producing more plasma cells and thus more antibodies |
| Clonal selection theory | The body contains many diverse clones of cells, each committed by its genes to synthesize a different antibody |
| Pre-T cells develop into | thymocytes while in thymus |
| A T cell is activated when | an antigen binds to its receptors, causing it to divide repeatedly to form a clone of identical T cells |
| Effector T cells | go to site where antigen entered, bind to antigens, and begin their attack |
| •Cytotoxic T cells | —T cells release lymphotoxin to kill cells |
| Helper T cells (TH cells) | —regulate the function of B cells, T cells, phagocytes, and other leukocytes |
| Suppressor T cells | —regulatory T cells that suppress lymphocyte function, thus regulating immunity and promoting self-tolerance |
| •Innate immunity (inborn or inherited immunity) | —genetic mechanisms put innate immune mechanisms in place during development in the womb |
| •Adaptive or acquired immunity | resistance developed after birth; two types: natural and artificial |
| Natural immunity | results from nondeliberate exposure to antigens |
| Artificial immunity | results from deliberate exposure to antigens, called immunization |
| Active immunity | —when the immune system responds to a harmful agent regardless of whether it was natural or artificial; lasts longer than passive |
| Passive immunity | —developed when immunity from another individual is transferred to an individual who was not previously immune; it is temporary but provides immediate protection |
| Immune system regulated to some degree by | the nervous and endocrine systems |
| Agents of the immune system | include blood cells, skin cells, mucosal cells, brain cells, liver cells, and other types of cells and their secretions |
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