chapter 21 immune system
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| which cells are involved in innate immunity | show 🗑
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| what is the first line of defense in innate immunity | show 🗑
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| show | natural killer cells
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| what is the most numerous type of phagocyte | show 🗑
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| show | macrophage
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| show | Lymphocytes
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| cell-mediated immunity involes | show 🗑
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| show | CD4 and CD8
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| show | 2 heavy and 2 light polypeptide chains
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| what is titer | show 🗑
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| the most abundant circulating antibody | show 🗑
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| what are the specific cells that secrete antibodies | show 🗑
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| The immune system | show 🗑
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| show | microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, and protozoans
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| show | abnormal cells reproduce and form tumors that may become cancerous and spread
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| show | —molecules on the surface of human cells that are unique to an individual
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| Non–self markers | show 🗑
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| show | —the ability of our immune system to attack abnormal or foreign cells but spare our own normal cells
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| Two major categories of immune mechanisms | show 🗑
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| Innate immunity | show 🗑
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| show | acts as a specific defense against specific threatening agents
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| show | —epithelial barrier cells, phagocytes (neutrophils, macrophages), and natural killer cells; chemicals used in innate immunity—complement and interferon
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| show | lymphocytes called T cells and B cells
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| Cytokines | show 🗑
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| Species resistance | show 🗑
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| show | our first line of defense
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| mucous membranes | show 🗑
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| Lines of defense. three layers of protection. | show 🗑
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| second line of defense | show 🗑
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| show | —tissue damage elicits responses to counteract injury
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| show | include histamine, kinins, prostaglandins, and related compounds
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| show | substances that attract white blood cells to the area of infection in a process called chemotaxis
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| Signs of inflammation | show 🗑
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| show | —occurs from a body-wide inflammatory response
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| Phagocytosis | show 🗑
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| show | — process by which immune cells (neutrophils) squeeze themselves through the wall of a blood vessel to get to the site of injury/infection
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| show | —mark foreign cells for destruction by phagocytes
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| show | —chemical attraction of cells to the source of the chemical attractant
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| show | —most numerous type of phagocyte; usually first to arrive at site of injury; migrates out of bloodstream; kills bacteria; forms pus
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| Macrophages | show 🗑
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| show | —type of macrophage with long branches or extensions. Examples are histiocytes in connective tissue, microglia in nervous system, and Kupffer cells
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| show | —lymphocytes that kill tumor cells and cells infected by viruses
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| show | —lysing cells by damaging plasma membranes
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| Interferon (INF) | show 🗑
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| Complement | show 🗑
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| Opsonization | show 🗑
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| show | B lymphocytes (B cells) and T lymphocytes (T cells)
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| cluster designation (CD) | show 🗑
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| show | continuous recirculation
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| show | —antibody-mediated immunity (humoral immunity); produce antibodies that attack pathogens
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| T cells attack | show 🗑
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| Activation of lymphocytes requires two stimuli: | show 🗑
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| show | where they develop — in bone marrow, thymus gland, lymph nodes, and spleen
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| show | 1.Pre-B cells develop by a few months of age
2.occurs in lymph nodes and spleen—activation of B cell after it binds a specific antigen
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| show | ancestors to antibody-secreting plasma cells
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| Antibodies | show 🗑
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| show | two heavy and two light polypeptide chains; each molecule has two antigen-binding sites and two complement-binding sites
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| Five classes of antibodies M, G, A, E, and D | show 🗑
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| show | —it is the predominant class produced after initial contact with an antigen
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| IgG | show 🗑
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| show | —major class of antibody in the mucous membranes of respiratory and GI systems and in saliva and tears
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| IgE | show 🗑
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| show | —small amount in blood; precise function unknown
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| show | : immunoglobulin M (IgM), immunoglobulin G (IgG), immunoglobulin A (IgA), immunoglobulin E (IgE), and immunoglobulin D (IgD). Notice that each IgM molecule has five Y
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| Antibodies resist disease first by | show 🗑
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| show | antigen-binding sites
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| Complement | show 🗑
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| show | cytolysis or apoptosis
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| Complement causes | show 🗑
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| Primary response | show 🗑
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| Secondary response | show 🗑
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| Clonal selection theory | show 🗑
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| Pre-T cells develop into | show 🗑
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| A T cell is activated when | show 🗑
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| show | go to site where antigen entered, bind to antigens, and begin their attack
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| •Cytotoxic T cells | show 🗑
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| show | —regulate the function of B cells, T cells, phagocytes, and other leukocytes
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| show | —regulatory T cells that suppress lymphocyte function, thus regulating immunity and promoting self-tolerance
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| show | —genetic mechanisms put innate immune mechanisms in place during development in the womb
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| show | resistance developed after birth; two types:
natural and artificial
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| show | results from nondeliberate exposure to antigens
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| Artificial immunity | show 🗑
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| show | —when the immune system responds to a harmful agent regardless of whether it was natural or artificial; lasts longer than passive
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| Passive immunity | show 🗑
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| show | the nervous and endocrine systems
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| Agents of the immune system | show 🗑
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