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Exam 3
Latin America and the Caribbean
| Questions | Answers |
|---|---|
| Latin America extends from _____ to ______. | Rio Bravo (Rio Grande) to Tierra del Fuego (land of fire) |
| How many countries make up Latin America? | 16 |
| How big is Latin America? | about 7,853,839 square miles |
| What two mountain ranges are located in Latin America? | Andes Mountains and Sierra Madres |
| How long are the Andes mountains? | 5,000 miles (north to south) |
| What is the highest elevation in the Andes mountain range? | 20,000 ft. |
| What caused the formation of the Andes mountains? | the converging Nazca and South American plate boundaries |
| What is the highest elevation of the Sierra Madres? | up to 10,000 ft. |
| What are the three shields in Latin America? | Brazilian Shield Patagonia Shield Guiana Shield |
| What are the two uplands areas in Latin America? | Mexican Plateau Central-American Volcanic Axis |
| Where is the Mexican plateau located? | central between Sierra Madre de Occidental and Oriental |
| What is the elevation of the Mexican plateau? | from 4-10,000 ft |
| Where is the Central American Volcanic Axis located? | on the western coast |
| What plate boundaries form the Central American Volcanic Axis? | Caribbean and Cosco Plates |
| What is the highest mountain in Central America and the CAVA? How high is it? | Volcan Tajumulco, 13,845 ft. high |
| Where is the Baja California Peninsula located? | along Mexico's west coast, separates Pacific Ocean and Gulf of California |
| Where is the Isthmus of Panama located? | connects Americas, separates Caribbean Sea and North Pacific Ocean |
| What are the three major River basins in Central America? | Amazon Basin La Plata Basin Orinoco Basin |
| How large is the Amazon Basin? | 2.4 million sq. miles, 8 countries, world's largest in volume and area |
| What percent of the Atlantic Ocean's freshwater discharge is in the Amazon Basin? | 20% |
| How large is the La Plata Basin? | 4.1 million sq. miles, 5 countries |
| The Orinoco Basin is what fraction of the size of the Amazon? | 1/6 |
| Does Central America have positive or negative growth since 1970s? | negative |
| What is the RNI of Central America? | 1.4 |
| What country has the highest national population? | Brazil |
| What fraction of Central America is urbanized since 1950s? | 3/4 |
| What is urban primacy? | when the largest city is 3 to 4 times larger than the second largest |
| What is a megalopolis? | a region characterized by high density and clustering of large urban places |
| What are two examples of megalopolises in CA? | Mexico and Brazil |
| What are push factors for rural to urban migration? | dispossession, poverty, uneven distribution of arable land, latifundia (large houses) vs. minifundia (small indigenous/peasant farms) |
| What were pull factors for rural to urban migration? | urban lifestyle/status, jobs, education, healthcare |
| What is agrarian reform? | redistribution from large landowners to peasantry. ex: Mexican Revolution 1910: replaced enconienda with ejido (communal landholding) |
| What are agricultural frontiers? | settlement corresponds to availability of land/resources, infrastructure, ,roads, utilities, etc. |
| What is transnationalism? | when people straddle livelihoods between two places, loosening of national boundaries ex: dual citizenship |
| What are remittances? | money that migrants send home from elsewhere |
| What colonial settlements were found in CA? | Spanish, Portuguese, African |
| Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) | line of demarcation separating Spanish and Portuguese colonial territories, granted by Papal decree, about 45 degrees longitude |
| Demographic transition | 95% of native population decline, larger than European population, concentrated in Mexico (Aztec)/Andes (Incas), epidemics, invasion, slavery, deforestation |
| What is indigenous cultural survival based on today? | defending cultural lands, securing political support |
| What is social structure shaped by? | racial classification |
| What fraction of central America are Spanish speakers? | 2/3 |
| What fraction of central America Portuguese speakers? | 1/3 |
| What percent of Central America is Roman Catholic? | 90% |
| What is syncretism? | blending native, African, and European religions (Candomble) |
| What is neoliberalism? | an approach based on neoclassical economics developed in the 1970s. The main points include open markets, cutting public spending, privatization, trade liberalization, keeping the government out. |
| trade bloc | a regional intergovernmental agreement that to reduce barriers of trade between member states, ex: reducing tariffs, import quotas |
| Southern Cone Common Market (MERCOSUR) | (1991) customs union promoting free trade and fluid movement of goods, people, and currency, Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay, and associate members |
| Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America (ALBA) | socialist states, favors social welfare, bartering and mutual economic aid, over free states |
| North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) | (1994) trilateral trade bloc: US, Mexico, Canada, modeled on Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement; eliminated all US/Mexico trade tariffs |
| What are some criticisms of NAFTA? | it benefits elites and northern economies while impacting workers and Mexico; lead to outsourcing of US manufacturing jobs, sweat shops, cheap labor |
| What agreement shifted Mexico's agriculture from small exporter to the 2nd largest importer of US agricultural products in 2004 | the North American Free Trade Agreement |
| What changed Mexico's constitution allowing privatization of ejido (communal landholdings) | NAFTA |
| What policies were implemented between the mid 19th and early 20th century? | Monroe Doctrine, Roosevelt Corollary "Big Stick Policy", Panama Canal, Banana Wars |
| What policies were implemented in the 1930s and 40s? | The Good Neighbor Policy (a soft approach) |
| When did the War on Drugs begin? | early 20th century |
| What is altitudinal zonation? | when the biodiversity and adaptations change according to elevation |
| What is the size of the Caribbean? | about 1,063,000 square miles |
| The Caribbean extends from _____ to _____. | Bahamas to French Guinea |
| How many islands are there in the Caribbean? | over 7,000 (including reefs and cays) |
| What are the two main parts of the Caribbean? | Greater and Lesser Antilles |
| What three bodies of water does the Caribbean separate? | the Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, and the Atlantic Ocean |
| What tectonic plates is the Caribbean over? | North American, South American and Caribbean |
| The Greater Antilles are made up of what islands? | Cuba, Hispanoila (Haiti/Dominican Rep), Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Cayman Islands and smaller islands |
| What percent of the Caribbean is the Greater Antilles? | 90% |
| What are the 3 mountain ranges located in the Greater Antilles? | Cordillera Central Range Blue Mountains Sierra Maestra |
| How high is the highest peak in the Cordillera Central Range? | Pico Duarte: about 10,000 ft. high (highest in Caribbean) |
| How high is the highest peak in the Blue Mountains? | Blue Mountain Peak: 7,402 ft. |
| How high is the highest peak in the Sierra Maestra? | Pico Turquino: 6,476 ft. high |
| The Haiti Earthquake: | strike-slip fault: Caribbean vs. NA plates 7.0 Richter scale 316k dead 300k injured 1 mil homeless 250k homes destroyed 30k commercial buildings destroyed |
| What two island groups make up the Lesser Antilles? | Windward Islands (south) Leeward Island (north) |
| The Lesser Antilles extend from _____ to _____. | Virgin Islands to Trinidad |
| What is the main Volcanic Arc in the Lesser Antilles? | Antillean Volcanic Arc |
| What is the lowest point of the Lesser Antilles? | 131 ft. below, Lake Enriquillo (salt water lake) |
| What caused the capital city of Plymouth to be abandoned in 1995? | Soufriere Hills Volcano |
| Who are the Island Caribs and where were they from? | first people in the Caribbean, they migrated from the Orinoco Basin |
| What lifestyle did the men and women Caribs have? | they were hunter-fisher-gatherers and agriculturists, the men hunted and fished, the women farmed and raise children |
| What were the root crops of the Caribs? | Sugar cane and starch |
| What caused the Carib population to be reduced to only 6,000,000? | Disease, invasion, and theft of lands by the Europeans |
| How big is the Carib Reserve? | about 3,700 acres |
| Carib communal land tenure is threatened by: | Dominica's weak economy peasant competition for resources state attempts for political integration population growth on the reserve pressure to buy land outside of reserve no collateral to secure bank loans |
| 87% of the population is concentrated in what countries? | Greater Antilles, Trinidad & Tobago, Guyana |
| what is the RNI of the Caribbean? | 1.2 |
| Is TFR increasing or decreasing? | decreasing |
| What is the main cause of death in English speaking Caribbean? | AIDS |
| Is Emigration rising or falling? | rising (destinations: Europe, US) |
| Cultural hybridity | colonialism and slavery initiated contact between and blending of European, African, and south Asian, Amerindian cultures, creolization |
| What is the most spoken language in the Caribbean? | Spanish |
| What is the most prominent religion in the Caribbean? | Christianity |
Created by:
acloud21
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