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World Cultures Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Middle Kingdom | refers to China because the people believed that their land stood between heaven and earth. |
| Ethnocentrism | belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group |
| Xenophobia | fear or hatred of foreigners or strangers |
| Barbarians | people without manners or civilized customs |
| Confucius | Chinese philosopher, administrator, and moralist. His social and moral teachings, collected in the Analects , tried to replace former religious observances |
| Mencius | Chinese philosopher, who studied Confucianism. He later refined many of the ideas and spread them across China. |
| Hierarchy | a group organized by rank |
| Daoism | It is a philosophy which is founded by Laozi. Daoism emphasizes living in harmony with nature |
| Legalism | strict conformity to the letter of the law rather than its spirit |
| Great Wall of China | A huge wall that is over 6000 miles, which was built to keep the Mongolians in the north out of China. |
| Magistrate | official with power to administer the law |
| Civil Service System | the practice of hiring goverment workers on basis of open competitve examinations and merit |
| Scholar Bureaucrat | were civil servants appointed by the emperor of China to perform day |
| Dynasties | Line of rulers from the same family |
| Mandate of Heaven | a political theory of ancient China in which those in power were given the right to rule from a divine source |
| East India Tea Company | the trading company that colonized India until the sepoy rebellion |
| Imperialism | a policy of extending your rule over foreign countries |
| Mercantilism | an economic system (Europe in 18th C) to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests |
| Boxers | Patriotic Chinese militant group who killed foreigners and Chinese Christians |
| Cixi | when the emperor died in 1861 she took the throne until 1908, spent money on many luxury things, contributed to downfall of Manchu dynasty |
| Pu Yi | chinese emperor who inherits thrown during childhood, last emperor of China |
| Extraterritoriality | the right of foreigners to be protected by the laws of their own nation. |
| Coolies | an offensive name for an unskilled Asian railroad laborer |
| Sun Yat | sen |
| Yuan Shikai | Chinese general and president of the Chinese Republic (1912 |
| Republic of China | the new democratic government after 1911 revolution, Sun Yat Sen president at first, then Yuan Shikai |
| Capitalism | an economic system based on open competition in a free market, in which individuals and companies own the means of production |
| Mao Zedong | This man became the leader of the Chinese Communist Party and remained its leader until his death. He declared the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949 and supported the Chinese peasantry and women throughout his life. |
| Long March | The fight/chase of Chinese Communists from southeastern to northwestern China. The Communists, led by Mao Zedong, were pursued by the Chinese army (GMD) under orders from Chiang Kai |
| CCP | Chinese Communist Party |
| Red Army | the CCP's communist army |
| Democratic Republic | A republic in which representatives elected by the people make and enforce laws and policies. |
| GMD | China's Nationalist party. It was formed from Sun Yat |
| Sun Yet-sen's 3 principles | nationalism, democracy, social welfare |
| Raj | Rule (lit. "reign" in Hindi) |
| European Age of Exploration | (late 1400-1700's) The Europeans would call this the Age of Exploration however this is a very geocentric term considering Indians had been sailing and exploring long before. |
| Queen Elizabeth I | Elizabeth gave the East India Tea Co. a royal charter allowing them to make treaties, and own their own army. They also had a monopoly giving them great power. |
| British East India Tea Co. | The company colonized India for England but their rule was brutal and after the Sepoy Mutiny they were stripped of their powers and replaced by the Civil Service System. |
| Imperialism | The policy of extending the rule or authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies. |
| Colonization | The movement of settlers and their culture to a new country |
| Mercantilism | An economic theory that believes colonies (India) should benefit the mother country (Britain) |
| Robert Clive | This man was a British soldier who established the military and political power of the East India Company in Indial. He secured India, and it's wealth for the British crown. |
| Macauley | A British political genious who told Parliment not to rule India with an iron fist, but to respect them and their culture. |
| Sepoy | An indian soldier working for the British |
| Sepoy Mutiny | 1857: when the East India Tea company tried to force the sepoys to use bullets (coated in pork or beef fat) that required them to bite off the coating they were outraged at the complete disrespect the Brtish had for the Indians so they revolted. |
| Nan Sahib | He was an Indian leader during the Sepoy Mutiny, a brave hero to the Indians even though he fled India and disappeared. (Beginning of Indian Nationalism) |
| Queen Victoria | The "Empress of India" and the Queen of Great Britain stripped East India Tea Co. of their powers after the mutiny. |
| Jewel in the Crown | Name given to India, because it was the most valuable of all British colonies |
| Civil Service System | The government that took the place of the East India Tea Co.. Exams took place in London to give educated people of Britain and India a "fair" chance to work in the system. However this required a lot of money as well as a good education. The system was r |
| Viceroy | A person appointed by a higher authority to govern a province |
| Kipling | English author of novels and poetry who was born in India. Author of "The White Man's Burden" as well as "The Jungle Book" |
| White Man's Burden | The idea that Britain had a duty to spread their religion and culture to those less civilized such as India. Also a poem written by Rudyard Kipling. |
| Nationalism | The aspiration for national independence felt by the Indian people under the British Raj |
| Regionalism | Loyalty to a particular region. |
| Self Determination | The belief that people in a country should have the ability to choose their own government. |
| Indian National Congress | Indian nationalist group formed to work for rights and power for Indians under British rule. |
| Nehru | Indian leader with Gandhi in the struggle for Nationalism. |
| Gandhi | Indian nationalist and leader that started the practice of nonviolent disobedience that forced Great Britain to grant independence to India. |
| Jinnah | An Indian Muslim politician, and leader of the Muslim League. He founded Pakistan and served as the first Governor. |
| Rowlatt Act | The law passed in 1919 that allowed the British government to imprison anti |
| Massacre at Amritsar | A massacre lead by General Dyer and the British army in which they fired mercilessly into a non |
| Civil Disobedience | Nonviolent refusal to obey an unjust law (or government), intended to influence government policy. |
| Satyagraha | The form of nonviolent resistance initiated in India by Gandhi in order to oppose British rule and encourage political reforms. |
| Boycott | To join others in refusing to deal with a person or group. |
| Homespun Movement | Movement begun by Gandhi to boycott British goods by making cloth at home |
| Harijan | "Children of God" Gandhi's term for the untouchables. |
| Partition | The 1947 division of the British colony of India into nations of India and Pakistan. |
| Peking Man | a homo erectus skeleton about 1.7 million years old Found in Northern China near Beijeing; shows that people settled there more than 500,000 years ago. |
| Middle Kingdom | refers to China because the people believed that their land stood between heaven and earth. |
| Marco Polo | Venetian merchant and traveler. His accounts of his travels to China offered Europeans a firsthand view of Asian lands and stimulated interest in Asian trade. |
| Han Chinese | largest ethnic group of China (other ethnic groups include Hui minority) |
| 1st Chinese Dynasty | Shang |
| 2nd Chinese Dynasty | Chou |
| 3rd Chinese Dynasty | Ch'in |
| 4th Chinese Dynasty | Han |
| 5th | 10th Chinese Dynasty |
| 11th Chinese Dynasty | Sui |
| 12th Chinese Dynasty | T'ang |
| 13th | 17th Chinese Dynasty |
| 18th Chinese Dynasty | Sung |
| 19th Chinese Dynasty | Yuan |
| 20th Chinese Dynasty | Ming |
| 21st Chinese Dynasty | Ch'ing (Manchus) |
| The Grand Canal | the oldest and longest man |
| The Great Wall | a long series of stone walls built by Shi Huangdi (Qin) to defend China against nomadic invaders. |
| Dynasty | a sequence of powerful leaders in the same family |
| Yellow River Civilizations | The Yellow River is "the cradle of Chinese civilization", it was the birthplace of ancient Chinese civilizations and was the most prosperous region in early Chinese history. |
| Calligraphy | chinese art of writing |
| Pictograph | a picture or drawing representing words or ideas |
| Ideograph | a sign or symbol, used in such writing systems as those of China or Japan, that directly represents a concept, idea, or thing rather than a word or set of words for it |
| Philosophy | a system of beliefs and values, a way to live your life |
| Religion | a set of beliefs, values, and practices that binds believers in a relationship with a divine power, and with other believers. |
| Ancestor Worship | the veneration of ancestors whose spirits are frequently held to possess the power to influence the affairs of the living, and in China ancestors where honored and considered very wise |
| Confucianism | system of beliefs introduced by the Chinese philosopher Confucius that taught that people needed to have a sense of duty to their family and community in order to bring peace to society. It also encouraged knowledge, hierarchy, and decorum. |
| Confucius | a Chinese philosopher who believed that social order, harmony and good government could be organized around 5 basic relationships |
| Mencius | a major follower of Confucius who became a philosopher as well; stressed that humans were essentially good and that governments required the consent of their subjects. |
| Analects | a collection of the teachings of Confucius |
| Daoism | a philosophy based on the ideas of the Chinese thinker Laozi, who taught that people should be guided by a universal force called the Dao (Way) |
| Legalism | strict conformity to the letter of the law rather than its spirit |
| Hierarchy | a group organized by rank |
| 5 Basic Relationships | 1: ruler to subject 2: parent to child 3: husband to wife 4: older sibling to younger sibling 5: friend to friend |
| Kow Tow | a prostration, a sign of respect |
| Extended Family | a family that includes, in addition to the parents and their children, other members such as grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins |
| Foot Binding | the physical binding of Chinese women's feet to stunt their growth; produced pain and restricted movement; helped to confine women to the household; showed high social status of women; attractive to men |
| "The Lotus" | the Chinese expression for the tiny foot |
| Mandate of Heaven | a political theory of ancient China in which those in power were given the right to rule from a divine source |
| Civil Service System | the practice of hiring goverment workers on basis of open competitve examinations and merit, have to prove themselves (no advantages through family ties) |
| Examination System | series of exams to determine who is qualified to be in the scholar |
| Bureaucrat | government official |
| The Silk Road | The route that traders used between Europe and China for trading purposes |
| List factors which contributed to China's geographic isolation throughout much of China's history? | the Himalayas, the Kunlun, the Tian Shan, the Gobi desert, the Tibetan plateau, the East and South China Sea's, the yellow sea, and the pacific ocean. |
| Was China truly isolated throughout history? List evidence which reflects that China wasn't 100% isolated from other cultures. | -The Silk Roads -The Ch'ing (Manchus) dynasty |
| What do you believe were the 3 most important factors which contributed to China being the oldest living continuous civilization? | geography, writing, and philosophies. Writing and philosophies helped them become smart and prosperous, and civilization doesn't end when it is prosperous unless it is invaded. However the Chinese had geography that for the most part kept out invaders. |
| What exists to help us uncover life in ancient China? | There are things like fossils and artifacts, but also thier writings. Because there were so many types of Chinese (the language) writing was the "lingua franca". Therefore the Chinese had to write everything. |
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