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Biology II exam 1
study guide
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| ancient earth | - age of ~4.5by- early reducing atmosphere including carbon dioxide, water, hydrogen sulfide, methane, no oxygen |
| oldest microfossils | prokaryotes, emerging ~3.5 bya |
| Miller Urey experiment | assembling a atmosphere with H2, CH4, NH3, and H2S, placing this atmosphere over liquid water, increasing the temperature of the gases, and providing energy with electrical spark discharges which produced amino acids, adenine, hydrogen cyanide, and ure |
| properties of life | cellular organization, sensitivity, growth, development, reproduction, regulation, homeostasis, and heredity |
| catalysis | can be carried out by enzymes and RNA acting as a ribozyme |
| Bacteria and Archaebacteria Domains | contain no eukaryotesConsider: Archea and eukaryotes are more closely related to each other than to bacteria. |
| life's diversity | results from sexual reproduction, endosymbiosis, horizontal gene transfer, and mutationConsider: Eukaryotic cells acquired mitochondria (purple and chloroplasts (from cyanobacteria) through endosymbiosis |
| taxonomy | science of classifying living things |
| taxon | classification level; taxa are based on shared characteristics |
| hierarchy | most shared - Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species - least shared |
| Linnaeus | developed binomial system of classification |
| biological name of organism | includes the genus and species |
| Kingdom Viridiplantae | would include green algae and land plants |
| Panspermia | a hypothesis that proposed that meteors or cosmic dust may have brought complex organic molecules to Earth |
| annelid and arthropod segmentation | used to demonstrate their close relationship; molecular data now shows segmentation evolved separately in these two groups.both uniramous (single branched in insects) and biramous (2 branched in crayfish) are initiated by the same Hox gene - Distal-less |
| eutherians | placental mammals now divided into 4 major groups; first split occurred ~100mys when Africa split from South America creating separate clades |
| phylogeny | evolutionary tree; explanation of evolutionary relationships among groups (what evolved from what, in what order, and when) |
| cladograms | branching diagram based on cladistic analysis that represents a phylogeny |
| taxonomic groupings in | Group 1: Monophyletic: includes common ancestor and all its descendants Group 2: Paraphyletic: includes common ancestor and only some of its descendants Group 3: Polyphyletic: does not include the most recent common ancestor of its members |
| cladistics | grouping of organisms on the basis of unique shared characters inherited from common ancestor, or derived character |
| clade | group of organisms related by descent |
| synapomorphy | a derived character that is unique to and thus defines a particular clade |
| outgroup | is different from all others in the cladogram (but not too different); it is expected to have split with the others from a common ancestor before any of the rest (the in-group) split from each other |
| Cladograms are based on__________, so each cladogram must have an_______, and __________. | comparative analysis, out group, and ingroup |
| the domain prokaryote consists of organisms with | no internal membrane-bound organelles (and thus no true cellular nucleus) |
| the domain prokaryote consist of two kingdoms, which are | Archeabacteria, and eubacteria |
| Domain Archaea – Kingdom Archaebacteria | bacteria typically found in extreme environments; ·distinguished from other bacteria mainly by ribosomal RNA sequence and lack of peptidoglycan in their cell walls ·include methanogens, extreme halophiles, and extreme thermophiles |
| Archeabacteria is distinguished from eubacteria by? | signature sequences in their DNA |
| True/False some non extreme archaebacteria exist | True |
| Domain Bacteria – Kingdom Eubacteria | very diverse group of bacteria; defined best as prokaryotes that are not archaebacteria ·examples: blue-green algae, Escherichia coli |
| Domain, Eukarya | consists of eukaryotes, organisms with a discrete cellular nucleus (and other internal membrane-bound organelles); it is divided into four kingdoms |
| four eukarya Kingdoms include | Protista, Animalia, Plantae,Fungi |
| Kingdom Protista - protists | single celled and simple multicellular organisms having nuclei ·includes protozoa, algae, water molds, and slime molds ·where everything that doesn’t fit another eukaryotic kingdom is put |
| Kingdom Fungi - fungi | organisms with cell walls consisting of chitin ·most are multicellular ·includes molds and yeasts |
| Kingdom Plantae – plants | complex multicellular organisms having tissues and organs ·plant cells have walls containing cellulose ·most (but not all) contain chlorophyll in chloroplasts, and carry on the process of photosynthesis. |
| Kingdom Animalia – animals | complex multicellular organisms that must eat other organisms for nourishment ·typically contain cells lacking walls, and have organs and organ systems ·most (but not all) forms are motile |
| key characteristics of eukaryotes include | 1. evolution of eukaryotes involved endosymbiosis, incorporation of Eubacteria cells into eukaryotes as mitochondria and chloroplasts 2. true multicellularity (a body formed of cells which are in contact and coordinate activities) is a trait |
| Sexual reproduction by___________is a trait not found in any prokaryotes, but found in many eukaryotes. | syngamy |
| virus structure consist of _________, ___________,___________,__________. | Capsid,Nucleic acid core, envelope, spike |
| Capsid makes up the | outer layer composed of protein subunits |
| nucleic acid core: | inner most portion is made of DNA or RNA |
| envelope: | possessed by some viruses; are lipid bilayers surrounding virus capsid |
| spike: | glycoproteins that project from some enveloped viruses allowing for attachment of the virus to the targeted host cell |
| a virus particle can also be reffered to as a | Virions |
| viral reproduction | entry into hose because portions of capsid adhere to specific receptor on host Cell's outer surface...viral nucleic acid enter hose cell and codes for protein units inside capsid...takes over metabolic machinery of host cell |
| host range | suitable organisms a virus is capable of infecting |
| tissue tropism | targeting of specific range of cells within suitable organism |
| transformation | genetic alteration of a cell's genome by the introduction of foreign DNA |
| prions | a class of infectious proteins with no associated nucleic acid; causes Mad-cow disease |
| latent virus | a virus that after being integrated into the host cell chromosomes, it does not begin replicating immediately; HIV virus is an example of such |
| HIV infection | each HIV particle has a glycoprotein on its surface, called gp120, that fits a cell-surface marker protein called CD4 on the surfaces of the immune system cells called macrophages and T cells; this virus is closely related a chimpanzee virus |
| phages | viruses that can infect bacteria |
| envelope | a layer of lipoprotein and glycoprotein that covers the outer surface of some viruses |
| virulent virus | causes lysis of their hosts (lytic) |
| temperate virus | becomes established as stable parts of the host cell genome (lysogenic) |
| emerging virus | virus in a new host with a lethality rate in excess of 50%; example is Ebola virus; these viruses are able to jump from one species to another; causes hemorrhagic-type fever; SARS is completely new form of corona virus |
| viroids | they are tiny, naked molecules of RNA a few hundred nucleotides long whose sequence resembles intron sequences in rRNA genes; they are causative agents of plant diseases |
| lysogenic cycle | integration and stabilizing of viral genes into the host cell's genome |
| lytic cycle | host cell lyses, releasing many viral particles |
| induction | the switch from a lysogenic prophage to a lytic cycle |
| cancer | may be caused by viruses through triggering the expression of cancer-causing genes present in the genome |
| coronaviruses | fall into 3 groups based on their surface proteins |
| prophage | parasitic viral DNA that has been integrated into the chromosome of its bacterial host |
| influenza virus comes in three major types | Types A,B, and C |
| Which type of virus can only occur in humans, other mammals, and birds? | type A |
| influenza virus | he flu subtype is determined by the kinds of proteins representing the H and N protein spikes making up the capsid of the virus; different strains of the virus requires different vaccines |
| Genetic recombination is primarily responsible for the | high diversity in strains |
| genetic recombination between flu strains from different species is __________ | common |
| latent viral infection | virus is able to hide from host's immune system by entering cells and not producing new viruses...e.g., chickenpox may be followed, years later, with shingles with both the result of the same viral infection |
| eclipse period | spans fro the point of phage adsorption to the point at which the first phage progeny have matured with an infected cell |
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