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Nat. Review chpt. 11

Cardiovascular system

QuestionAnswer
Functions of blood Transport, regulation, protection
Transports Gases, nutrients to the tissues, waste products from the tissues and hormones
Regulates pH of body, amount of fluid in tissues, and body temperature
Protects Against pathogens and blood loss
Blood plasma Liquid portion of unclotted blood
Plasma proteins Proteins found in plasma including albumins, globulins, and fibrinogens
Albumins Help regulate blood pressure
Globulins Help with transport and immunity
Fibrinogens Assist in blood clotting
Blood serum Liquid portion of clotted blood, Plasma with fibrinogen and other clotting factors removed so blood clotting is minimized
Formed elements Blood cells and platelets
Blood is ___% plasma 55
Blood is ___% leukocytes and thrombocytes <1
Blood is ___% erythrocytes 45
Plasma is ____% water 90
Plasma is ___% proteins 8
Plasma is ___% acids and salts 2
Red blood cells Biconcave, disk-shaped cells without a nuclei, constitute about 45% of whole blood, depending on gender, have a life span of about 120 days
Erythrocytes Red blood cells
Hemoglobin Oxygen carrying molecule made from iron, found in erythrocytes
Leukocytes White blood cells
White blood cells Cells responsible for the body's defenses
Throbocytes Platelets
Platelets Cell fragments without nuclei that assist in clotting, have a life span of about 9 days
Hemostasis Process of blood clotting starting with muscle contraction in response to injury, proceeds to platelet plug formation and ends with blood clot formation
Contraction Smooth muscle of the blood vessel constricts when damaged or cut
Platelet plug Platelets in the region of damage become sticky and bind together with other platelets, blood cells, and the walls of the vessel
Blood clot Prothrombin is converted into thrombin, fibronigen into fibrin and fibrin threads form the clot
Thrombin Enzyme that causes blood to clot by catalysing the conversion of the soluble protein fibrinogen to the insoluble fibrin
Prothrombin Plasma protein, one of the coagulation factors and the precursor of thrombin, prothrombin is synthesized in the liver with the help of vitamin K
Fibrinogen Substance present in blood plasma that causes blood coagulation
Fibrin White, insoluble protein formed by the chemical fibrinogen to form blood clots
Antigen Protein bound to surface of a cell, gives the cell identity
Antibody Component of immune system that attaches to a specific antigen, binds cells with other similar cells which prepares cells for phagocytosis, the body produces antibodies only for foreign antigens
Immunoglobulin Antibody
Opsonization Process whereby opsonins make an invading microorganism more susceptible to phagocytosis
Blood transfusion Infusion of red blood cells into a living body, requires blood typing to match recipient with appropriate donor
Endocardium Inner layer of the heart, composed of epithelial and connective tissues
Myocardium Thick middle layer of the heart, composed of cardiac muscle tissue that contracts regularly
Epicardium Outer covering or membrane of the heart, composed mostly of connective tissue
Pericardium Loose-fitting sac around the heart, composed of serous membranes
Right atrium Upper right chamber, receives deoxygenated blood from the body
Right ventricle Lower right chamber, pumps blood to the lungs
Left atrium Upper left chamber, receives oxygenated blood from the lungs
Left ventricle Lower left chamber, pumps blood to the body
Hematocrit Red blood cell count
Diapedesis Ability to squeeze through tiny pores in capillary walls and escape into tissues
Macrophage White blood cell, large and versatile immune cell that acts as a microbe-devouring phagocyte, an antigen-presenting cell, and an important source of immune secretions
Clotting factors Any of the factors in the blood whose actions are essential for blood coagulation
Hemophilia Inherited bleeding disorder caused by low levels, or absence of, a blood protein that is essential for clotting
Universal donor Blood type O negative
Universal recipient Blood type AB postitive
A positive blood Antigens A, Rh; antibodies B
B positive blood Antigens B, Rh; antibodies A
AB positive blood Antigens A, B, Rh; antibodies none
O positive blood Antigens Rh; antibodies A, B
A negative blood Antigens A; antibodies B, Rh
B negative blood Antigens B; antibodies A, Rh
AB negative blood Antigens A, B; antibodies Rh
O negative blood Antigens none; antibodies A, B, Rh
Interatrial septum Partition between the two atria, composed mostly of fibrous tissue
Interventricular septum Partition between the two ventricles, composed mostly of myocardium
Atrioventricular valves Valves that seperate atria and ventricles
Tricuspid valve Seperates right atrium from right ventricle
Bicuspid valve Seperates left atrium from left ventricle
Mitral valve Bicuspid valve
Semilunar valves Valves that seperate ventricles from blood vessels attatched to them
Pulmonary semilunar valve Seperates right ventricle from pulmonary trunk
Aortic semilunar valve Seperates left ventricle from aorta
Chordae tendineae Strong chords that stretch from the edges of the tricuspid and mitral valve to the heart muscle and restrict how far the valve leaflets swing when they close
Cardiac cycle Cycle involving periods of systole and diastole to fill and empty the chambers of the heart
Systole Contraction of myocardium
Diastole Relaxation of myocardium
Conduction pathway of the heart Specialized strands of cardiac muscle tissue that coordinate rhythmic contractions of the heart
Sinoatrial node Acts as the "pacemaker" of the heart, situated in the posterior wall of the right atrium
Atrioventricular bundle Short bundle of fibers at the top of the interventricular septum that relay the nervous impulse from the atrioventricular node to the left and right ventricles
Bundle of His Atrioventricular bundle
Bundle branches Two branches that extend from the atrioventricular bundle and bring impulse down the interventricular septum
Purkinje fibers Small fibers at the ends of the bundle branches that connect to and stimulate contraction of the myocardium
Cardiac output Volume of blood pumped out of the heart per minute calculated by multiplying the stroke volume of the heart by the heart rate
Stroke volume Volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle every time it beats
Heart rate Number of times the ventricles contract per minute
Coronary arteries Blood vessels that take blood to the heart tissue
Coronary veins Blood vessels that drain the heart tissue
Coronary sinus Collects blood from the coronary veins
Bradycardia Slow heart rate
Tachycardia Fast heart rate
Arteries Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart
Arterioles Small arteries
Veins Blood vessels that carry blood toward the heart
Venules Small veins
Capillaries Small blood vessels that connect arterioles and venules where exchange of gases, nutrients, wastes and hormones takes place
Pulmonary vessels All of the blood vessels that carry blood to and from the lungs
Systemic vessels All of the blood vessels that carry blood to and from the body
Tunica externa External layer of connective tissue
Tunica media Middle layer made up of smooth muscle tissue
Tunica intima Layer of squamous epithelial tissue that lines the lumen
Endothelium Tunica intima
Lumen Cavity in the vessel through which the blood flows
Created by: skpoem
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