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Nat. Review chpt. 9
Sensory system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Sclera | Outer white layer of the eye, anterior portion becomes the cornea |
| Cornea | Convex, clear part of the sclera |
| Choroid | Middle layer of the eye, lots of blood vessels |
| Retina | Innermost layer of eye, contains rods and cones to detect light |
| Rods | Neurons positioned in the peripheral areas of the retina that detect black and white |
| Cones | Neurons concentrated within the fovea centralis that detect color |
| Fovea centralis | Area of sharpest vision in retina |
| Iris | Colored part of the eye, composed of smooth muscle, controls amount of ligh by dilating or constricting the pupil |
| Pupil | Space or opening in iris |
| Crystalline lens | Clear structrue in the eye located between iris and vitreous humor responsible for adjustments to refract the incoming light rays on the fovea centralis |
| Ciliary muscle | Circular muscle that surrounds the lens, responsible for adjusting the size of the lens to refract incoming light rays on the fovea centralis |
| Suspensory ligament | Ligament made up of tiny fibers that connect ciliary muscle |
| Anterior chamber | Space between the cornea and lens filled with aqueous humor |
| Aqueous humor | Also known as aqueous fluid, clear, watery fluid that flows between and nourishes the lens and the cornea |
| Vitreous humor | Transparent, colorless mass of gel that lies behind the lens and in front of the retina and fills the center of the eyeball |
| Vitreous body | Clear, jelly-like substance that fills the center of the eye |
| Vitreous chamber | Space behind the lens filled with vitreous humor and vitreous body |
| Extrensic muscles | Muscles used for eye movement |
| Superior rectus muscle | Rotates eye away upward and toward midline |
| Lateral rectus muscle | Rotates eye away from midline |
| Inferior rectus muscle | Rotates the eye downward and toward the midline |
| Medial rectus muscle | Rotates the eye towards the midline |
| Superior oblique muscle | Rotates the eye downward and away from the midline |
| Inferior oblique muscle | Rotates the eye upward and away from the midline |
| Eyebrow | Shades the eye and prevents particles and perspiration from falling in the eye |
| Eyelashes | Shades the eye and prevents particles and perspiration from falling in the eye |
| Socket | Forms a bony rim around the eye to protect agains objects striking the eye |
| Eyelid | Moveable covering for the eye that brushes off particles and moves tears over the surface of the eye to keep it moist |
| Conjuctiva | External lining that covers the anterior surface of the eyeball and posterior surface of eyelid, prevents particles from scratching the cornea and prevents objects from moving posteriorly behind the eye |
| Lacrimal apparatus | Consists of tear producing glands and their ducts |
| Lacrimal gland | Almond shaped gland that secretes lacrimal fluid onto the upper lateral corner of the eye |
| Lacrimal fluid | Tears |
| Nasolacrimal duct | Duct through the lacrimal bone that carries tears from the eye to the nasal cavity |
| Pinna | External portion of the ear, used to collect sound waves and direct them into the middle and inner ear |
| Auricle | Pinna |
| External auditory meatus | Canal in temporal bone through wich the external ear canal runs |
| External acoustic meatus | External auditory meatus |
| Ceruminous glands | Specialized wax producing glands located in the tissue lining the external ear canal |
| Tympanic membrane | Detects sound waves |
| Ear drum | Tympanic membrane |
| Ossicles | Small bones of the middle ear, serve to amplify incoming sound waves |
| Malleus | Hammer |
| Incus | Anvil |
| Stapes | Stirrup |
| Auditory tube | Cannal that connects the middle ear to the pharynx, used to equalize pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane |
| Eustachian tube | Auditory tube |
| Cochlea | Functional unit of hearing, contains the organ of corti |
| Organ of corti | Organ that transforms sound waves into nerve impulses |
| Vestibule | Cavity in the inner ear that is sensitive to gravity and linear movement of the head |
| Semicircular canals | Three bony canals that lie in each of the three cardinal planes, detect angular or rotational movement |
| Olfactory hairs | Sensitive portions of olfactory cells, lie in the epithelial tissue of the nose |
| Olfactory bulb | Structure positioned above olfactory hairs, relays sensory information from olfactory hairs to the olfactory tract |
| Olfactory tract | First cranial nerve |
| Olfactory cells | Neurons that sense smell |
| Taste buds | Receptors located mostly in the tongue that are sensitive to taste |
| Sweet | Tip of the tongue |
| Sour | Sides of the tongue |
| Bitter | Back of the tongue |
| Salty | Concentrated on sides of the tongue |
| Proprioceptors | Specialized receptors found in joints, tendons, and muscles that sense body position |
| Muscle spindles | Found in muscles and provide information about length or change in length of skeletal muscles |
| Golgi tendon organ | Golgi tendon apparatus |
| Golgi tendon apparatus | Organ where muscle joins tendon, protects tendon by preventing excess muscle tension from being applied to tendon |
| Photoreceptors | Sensitive to light |
| Baroreceptors | Sensitive to pressure |
| Chemoreceptors | Sensitive to pain |
| Thermoreceptors | Sensitive to temperature |
| Mechanoreceptors | Sensitive to body position |
| Myopia | Eyeball length increases |
| Hyperopia | Eyeball length decreases |
| Mallus is stimulated by | Tympanic membrane |
| Incus is stimulated by | Mallus |
| Stapes is stimulated by | Incus |
| Otitis media | Middle ear infection |
| Papilla | Bumps on the tongue covered with taste buds |
| Optic disk | Areawhere the optic nerve attaches to the eye and contains no rods or cones, "blind spot" |
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skpoem
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