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Nat. Review chpt. 5c
Appendicular skeleton-lower extremities
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Pelvic girdle | Consists of paired hipbones, connected in front at the pubic symphysis and behind by the sacrum |
| Os coxae | Hip bone, which comprises the ilium, ischium, and pubis |
| Ilium | Upper and widest of the three bones making up the hipbone |
| Iliac crest | Thick curved upper border of the ilium |
| Iliac fossa | Inner concavity of the ilium |
| Greater sciatic notch | Formed by curvature of the inferior part of the ileum |
| Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) | Bony eminence on the anterosuperior border of the iliac bone, which forms the anterior end of the iliac crest |
| Anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS) | Bony eminence on the lower part of the anterior margin of the iliac bone, projecting forwards just above the acetabulum |
| Posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS) | Projection at the posterior end of the iliac crest |
| Posterior inferior iliac spine (PIIS) | Projection on the posterior margin of the ilium that is situated below the posterior superior iliac spine and is separated from it by a notch |
| Ischium | Long, downwards and backwards pointing part of the bony pelvis |
| Ishial tuberosity | Mass on the lower part of the posterior margin of the inferior ramus of ischium |
| Ramus of the ischium | Thin, flattened part of the ischium which ascends from the lower part of the body and joins the inferior ramus of the pubis |
| Ischial spine | Process of bone projecting backwards and medially from the posterior border of ischium |
| Pubis | One of the three sections of the hipbone; together the two pubic bones form the front of the pelvis |
| Pubic crest | Rough, front border of the body of the pubis |
| Superior pubic ramus | Superior part of the pubis forming the superior edge of the obturator foramen |
| Inferior pubic ramus | Inferior part of the pubis, forming the inferior edge of the obturator foramen |
| Pubic symphysis | Joint located between the pubes in the lower abdominal region and composed of a fibrous cartilaginous material |
| Obturator foramen | Largest foramen in the human body, is situated between the ischium and pubis of the hipbone, and is closed by the obturator membrane except for the obturator canal |
| Acetabulum | Cup-shaped hollow in the hipbone into which the head of the femur fits to form a ball-and-socket joint |
| Lesser sciatic notch | Notch in the posterior border of the ischium below the ischial spine |
| Body of pubis | Flattened medial portion of the pubic bone entering into the pubic symphysis |
| Pelvic girdle is made up of | Pelvis, sacrum, and coccyx |
| Femur | Thigh bone |
| Head of the femur | Hemispheric articular surface at the upper extremity of the thigh bone |
| Neck of the femur | Short, constricted, strong bar projecting at an obtuse angle (about 125°) from the upper end of the shaft of the thigh bone and supporting its head |
| Greater trochanter | Broad prominence at the upper end of the lateral aspect of the femur at the junction of the femoral neck and shaft |
| Lesser trochanter | Pyramidal prominence projecting from the proximal and medial part of the shaft of the femur |
| Intertrochanteric crest | Prominent ridge running obliquely downward and medialward from the summit of the greater trochanter on the posterior surface of the neck |
| Gluteal tuberosity | Rough surface that gluteus maximus attaches to |
| Linea aspera | Roughened longitudinal line on the posterior surface of the shaft of femur |
| Medial condyle of the femur | Shorter condyle closest to the midline |
| Lateral condyle of the femur | Condyle on the outer side of the lower extremity of the femur |
| Medial epicondyle of the femur | Epicondylus located proximal to the medial condyle |
| Lateral epicondyle of the femur | Epicondyle near the lateral condyle of the femur |
| Intercondylar notch | Between the condyles, articulates with the tibia |
| Patellar surface | Area on the femur that articulates with the patella |
| Patella | Knee cap |
| Tibia | Shin bone or larger bone of the lower leg |
| Medial condyle of the tibia | Bony prominence on the medial side of the head of the tibia |
| Lateral condyle of the tibia | Bony prominence on the lateral side of the head of the tibia |
| Tibial tuberosity | Tubercle on the anterior aspect of the proximal tibia, into which the patellar tendon inserts |
| Anterior crest of the tibia | A prominent border on the leg that commences at the tibial tuberosity and ends at the anterior margin of the medial malleolus |
| Medial malleolus of the tibia | Where the tibia is prolonged downward on its medial side as a strong process |
| Fibula | Outer and narrower of two bones of the human lower leg |
| Intercondylar eminence | Area on the femur that articulates with the patella |
| Head of the fibula | Superior extremity of the fibula, which articulates by a facet with the undersurface of the lateral condyle of the tibia |
| Lateral malleolus of the fibula | Pyramidal form, and somewhat flattened from side to side |
| Styloid process of the fibula | Projects upward from the posterior part of the head |
| Neck of the fibula | Slightly constricted region between the head and body of the fibula |
| Apex of the fibula | Styloid process of the fibula |
| Tarsus | Bones of the part of the foot between the metatarsus and the leg |
| Calcaneal bone | Largest of the tarsal bones and is situated at the lower and back part of the foot forming the heel |
| Talus bone | Bone in the ankle that articulates with the leg bones to form the ankle joint |
| Navicular bone | One of the middle bones of the tarsus, corresponding to the centrale |
| Cuboid bone | Cube shaped bone on the outer side of the tarsus |
| First cuneiform bone | Largest of the three cuneiform bones, the medial bone of the distal row of the tarsus, articulating with the intermediate cuneiform, navicular, and first and second metatarsal bones |
| Second cuneiform bone | Smallest of the three cuneiform bones, of very regular wedge-like form, the thin end being directed downward |
| Third cuneiform bone | Wedge-shaped, the base being uppermost, occupies the center of the front row of the tarsal bones, between the second cuneiform medially, the cuboid laterally, the navicular behind, and the third metatarsal in front |
| Metatarsus | Skeleton of the human foot between the toes and the tarsus |
| Phalanges of the foot | Bones that form toes and are named after the digit and their distance from the body |
| Proximal phalanges of the foot | Closest to the foot and articulate with the metacarpals |
| Middle phalanges of the foot | Between the distal and proximal phalanges. The big toe does not have one |
| Distal phalanges of the foot | Form the tips of the toes |
| How many phalanges are there per foot? | 14 |
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