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WH Test Review
World History Notes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Renaissance | cultural and political movement in western Europe that began in Italy 1400 AD and rested on urban vitality and expanding commerce; featured a literature and art with distincly more secular priorities than those of the Middle Ages |
| Humanism | focus on humanmankind as center of intellectual and artistic endeavor |
| Leonardo da Vinci | creator of The Last Supper, a painting of a scene in the bible |
| Michelangelo | creator of David, a statue of an ideal man and Pieta, a paining of Jesus and Mary |
| Sandro Botticelli | creator of Birth of Venus, a painting of Aphrodite |
| Johannes Gutenberg | creator of the printing press in 1450 |
| Nicolo Machiavelli | Italian author of The Prince, a book about politics and how to be an effective ruler: it is better to be feared than loved |
| Catholic Popes | political cunning lustfull and greedy rulers who supported art and building as Bible references |
| St. Peter's Basilica | a church (1506-1626) ordered to be built by the pope who gets money to build it from German-speaking areas (indulgences) |
| indulgences | a slip bought with money that forgives sins |
| Protestant Reformation | an event that happened in 1517 by Martin Luther and resulted in the Protestant religion |
| Martin Luther | German monk who initiated Protestant Reformation by nailing 95 Thesis to door of Wittenberg church |
| John Calvin | Prodestant who creates the Calvanist Protestant Religion that believes in predestination |
| Henry VIII | English King who created the Act of Supremacy which states that the king is the supreme head of the church in England |
| Queen Elizabeth | Queen of England who sent privateers (pirates) to attack the Spanish armada sent by Phillip II to attack England in (1588) |
| Catholic Counter Reformation | restatement of traditional Catholic beliefs in responce to Protestant Reformation that establiched counsils that revived Catholic doctrine and refuted Protestant beliefs. |
| Henry IV | King of France who created the edict of Nantes which was the grant of tolerance to Protestants in France 1598 which was granted only after lengthy civil war between Catholic and Protestant factions |
| Thirty Years War | War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) and the emporer and his ally, Spain that ended in 1648 after great destruction |
| Peasant Rebellions | rebellions by peasants who are inspired by Martin Luther and rebel against nobles |
| witch persecutions | witchcraft practicers were persecuted when practices failed and villagers would turn them in since witchcraft is against Christain beliefs |
| Louis XIV | French monarch of the late 17th century who personified absolute monarchy and built the Versailles Palace outside Paris and evoked the edict of Nantes, eliminating all Protestants in France |
| Willian and Mary | constitutional monarchs (monarch's power is limited - Britain and Netherlands)who ere invited as monarchs after Glorious Revolution |
| Seven Years War | fought both in continental Europe and also in overseas colonies between 1756 and 1763 that resulted in Prussia seizures of land from Austria, English seizures of colonies in India and North America |
| Nicolaus Copernicus | Polish monk and astronomer (1500's) who disproved Hellenistic belief that the earth was the center of the universe |
| Johannes Kepler | scientist who proved that the orbits weren't perfect circles |
| Galileo Galilei | published Copernicus' findings (1600's) and added own discoveries concerning laws of gravity and planetary motion and was condemned by the Catholic church for his work |
| Isaac Newton | English scientist during the 1600's who drew the various astronomical and physical observations and establishedd principles of motion and defined forces of gravity |
| Enlightnement | intellectual movement centered in France during the 18th century that feathured in scientific advance, application of scientific methods to study of human society and belief that natural laws could describe social behavior |
| deism | belief that God created everything but doesn't do anything else |
| John Locke | English philosopher during 1600's who argued that people could learn everything through senses and reason and that power of government came from the people, not divine right of kings and believed that people have rights of life, liberty, and property |
| Adam Smith | Author of Wealth of Nations (1776) that stated that government should avoid regulation of economy in favor of the operation of market forces |
| Catholic countries | Catholicism remains in Italy, Spain, Portugal, Southern Germany, France, Poland, and Ireland |
| Jesuits | sponsered missions to South America, North America, and Asia that became a new religious order founded during the Catholic Reformation which is active in politics, education, and missionary work |
| Peace of Augsberg | a treaty that divided the Holy Roman Empire into two religions: Lutheranism and Catholicism |
| Glorious Revolution | English overthrow of James II in 1688 that resulted in affirmation of parliament as having basic sovereignty over the king |
| Prince Henry the Navigator | Portuguese prince responsible for direction of series of expeditions along the African coast in the 15th century that marked the beginning of western European expansion |
| Vasco da Gama | explorer who ventured around the Cape of Good Hope in 1498 |
| Cape of Good Hope | southern tip of Africa |
| Ferdinand and Isabella | Catholic monarchs of Spain who ruled during the Spanish Inquisition |
| Christopher Columbus | Genoese captain in service of king and queen of Cstile and Aragon who successfully sailed to New World and returned in 1492 |
| Ferdinand Magellan | Spanish captain who initiated first circumnavigated of the globe in 1519 and allowed Spain to claim Philippines but died during the voyage |
| Strait of Megellan | a strait discovered by Magellon that cuts through the tip of South America |
| Hernan Cortes | led expedition of 600 to coast of Mexico in 1519 who was the conquistador responsible for defeat of Aztec Empire |
| Moctezuma II | last independant Aztec emperor who was killed during Cortes's conquest of Tenochtitlan in 1519 |
| Francisco Pizarro | led conquest of Inca Empire of Peru beginning in 1535 and by 1540, most of Inca possessions fell to the Spanish |
| Atahualpa | last independant Incan emperor who was killed during Pizarro's conquest in 1532 |
| Philippine colonies | partly taken over my Spain with Catholic religion |
| Dutch colonies | Indonesia: Batavia on Java (1596). Sri Lanka (near India): Ceylon (later taken by British). |
| British colonies | North America: Jamestown (Virginia) (1607). India: Calcutta, Madras and Bombay/Mumbai. |
| French colonies | Canada: Quebec (1608). India. |
| Portuguese colonies | Persia: Ormuz. India: Goa. Indonesia: Malacca (later taken by Dutch). |
| Spanish colonies | Philippines: Luzon |
| Trading stations | Africa: Dutch Cape Colony (tip) (1652). India: Portuguese India (1510) |
| Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible | Ruler of Russia who continued expansion and established contacts with western European commerce and culture |
| St. Basil's cathedral | Eastern Orthodox church located in Moscow, Russia in 1561 |
| Cossacks | peasants recruited to migrate to newly seized lands in Russia, particularly in south who were tasked with combined agriculture and military conquests |
| Peter the Great | Russian Czar who ruled from 1689 to 1725 who was interested in the imitation of western European models (westernization) |
| St. Petersburg | Capital city in Northern Russia near the Baltic Sea moved north by Peter the Great |
| Catherine II the Great | German-born Russian tsarina in the 1700's who ruled after the assassination of her husband and accepted Western cultural influence and invaded Turkey and takes over Crimea which gave Russia access to the Black Sea |
| Partition of Poland | division of Polish territory among Russia, Prussia, and Austria completed in 1795 |
| Francisco Vazquez de Coronado | leader of Spanish expedition into northern frontier region of New Spain who entered North America in search of El Dorado |
| El Dorado | a mythical golden city in North America |
| haciendas | rural esates in Spanish colonies in New World that produced agricultural products for consumers in America |
| encomiendas | grants of native laborers made to Spanish conquerors and settlers in Mesoamerica and South America |
| Bartolome de Las Casas | Spanish historian who at first participated in poor treatment of native workers but later opposes it |
| Marquis of Pombol | Prime minister of Portugal from 1755 to 1776 who acted to strengthen royal authority in Brazil |
| Diego de Landa | Bishop of Yucatan, Mexico who converted Mayans ot Catholicism but didn't like their Mayan traditions |
| peninsulares | first generation from Spain and Portugal |
| creoles | 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th generationations of Spanish and Portuguese colonists |
| castas | mixed heritage of European and Native/African (mestizo/mulatto) |
| mestizos | mixed heritage of European and Native |
| mulattos | mixed heritage of European and African |
| salt water slaves | slaves fresh from Africa (lowest of low) |
| miscegenation | the mixing of different racial groups |
| Sultan Mehmed II | Ottoman sultan called the "Conqueror" becasue he was responsible for conquest of Constantinople in 1453 and destroyed what remained of Byzantine empire |
| Suleyman the Magnificent | leader of the Ottoman empire who established the Suleymaniye Mosque |
| Ottoman Empire | Turkic empire established in Asia Minor and eventually extending throughout the Middle East which was responsible for the conquest of Constantinople and end of Byzatine empire in 1453 |
| Safavid Dynasty | originally a Turkic nomadic group who converted to Shi'ism and conquered territory and established kingdom in region equivalent to modern Iran that lasted until 1722 |
| Sha Isma'il | Sufi commander who conquered city of Tabriz in 1501 who was the first Safavid to be proclaimed emperor of shah |
| Shirley brothers | British hired by Persia to used light artillery against Turks |
| Mughal Empire | established in India in 1562 and weakened in 18th century |
| Sultan Akbar | leader of Mughal Empire who was tolerant of Hindu practices and created the religion Din-i-Ilahi |
| Din-i-Ilahi | religion initiated by Akbar in Mughal India with blened components of the many faiths of the subcontinent |
| sati | a ritual practiced in India when a widowed woman is thrown into a fire with her dead husband |
| Shah Jahan | a leader of Mughal Empire whose wife Mutaz Mahal died so he built the Taj Mahal in honor of her |
| Aurangzeb | Son and successor of Shah Jahan in Mughal India who wished to eliminate Hinduism belief and rule only Muslims, but the incessant warfare exhausted empire and died in 1707 |
| Pashtun rebellion | the rebellion that caused the downfall of the Mughal Empire with the help of Britain |
| John Newton | a past sea captian who captured and transported slaves who makes a religious conversion and repents and writes the song Amazing Grace in 1772 |
| William Wilberforce | British Politician who was the leader of the abolition of the slave trade in 1807 |
| candomble | African religious ideas and practices in Brazil |
| vodun | African religious ideas and practices among descendants of African slaves in Haiti |
| caravels | slender, long-hulled vessels ultilized by Portuguese that are highly maneuverable and able to sail against the wind |
| Zhu Yuanzhong (Hongwu) | first Ming emporer in 1368 originally of peasant heritage who drove out Mongol influence and restored position of scholargentry and improved Great Wall |
| Ming dynasty | dynasty started after Mongol Yuan dynasty in China 1368 and lasted until 1644 |
| Nurhaci | architect of Manchu unity (northwest of China) who created distinctive Manchu banner armies, entered China and captured Ming capital at Beijing |
| Qing dynasty | Manchu dynasty that seized control of China in mid-17th century after decline of Ming |
| Shogan Nobunaga | first Japanese to make extensive use of firearms |
| Toyotomi Hideoyoshi | Shogan after Nobunaga who failed to take over Korea |
| Self-impose isolation | Japanese ships are forbidden to travel too far |
| Island of Deshima | only port open to non-Japanese and only Chinese and Dutch ships are permitted to enter |
| School of National Learning | School in Japan that taught that Japan is great, better than China |
Created by:
rosearade
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