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L&MChap10
Neural Vocab
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| acetylcholine | neurotransmitter chemical released at the ends of nerve cells |
| afferent nerve | carries messages toward the brain and spinal cord (sensory nerve). afferent comes from af- (a form of ad-, meaning toward) and -ferent (meaning carrying). |
| arachnoid membrane | middle layer of the three membranes (meninges) that surround the brain and spinal cor. the Greek arachne means spider. |
| astrocyte | type of glial (neuroglial) cell that transports water and salts from capillaries. |
| autonomic nervous system | Nerves that control involuntary body functions of muscles, glands, and internal organs. |
| axon | microscopic fiber that carries the nervous impulse along a nerve cell |
| blood-brain barrier | blood vessels (capillaries) that selectively let certain substances enter the brain tissue and keep other substances out |
| brainstem | lower portion of the brain tha connects the cerbrum with the spinal cord; includes the pons and medulla oblongata |
| cauda equina | collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord |
| cell body | part of a nerve cell that contains the nucleus |
| central nervous system | brain and the spinal cord |
| cerebellum | posterior part of the brain that coordinates muscle movements and maintains balance |
| cerebral cortex | outer region of the cerebrum, containing sheets of nerve cells; gray matter of the brain |
| cerebrospinal fluid | circulates throughout th brain and spinal cord |
| cerebrum | largest part of the brain; responsible for voluntary muscular activity, vision, speech, tast, hearing, thought, and memory. |
| cranial nerves | twelve pairs of nerves that carry messages to and from the brain with regard to the head and neck (except the vagus nerve). |
| dendrite | microscopic branching fiber of a nerve cell that is the first part to recieve the nervous impulse |
| dura mater | thick, outermost layer of the meinges surrounding and protecting the brain and spinal cord. Later for "hard mother." |
| efferent nerve | carries messages away from the brain and spinal cord and helps for cerebrospinal fluid. |
| ganglion (plura: ganglia) | collection of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system |
| glial cell (neuroglial cell) | supportive and connective nerve cell that does not carry nervous inpulses. Examples are astrocytes, microglial cells, ependymal cells, and oligodendrocytes. |
| gyrus (plural: gyri) | sheet of nerve cells that produces a rounded ridge on the surface of the cerebral cortex; convolution |
| hypothalamus | portion of the brain beneath the thalamus; controls sleep, appetite, body temperature, and secretions from the putuitary gland |
| medulla oblongata | part of the brain just above the spinal cord; controls breathin, hearbeat, and the size of blood vessels; nerve fibers cross over here |
| meninges | three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord. |
| microglial cell | phagocytic glial cell that removes waste products from the central nervous system |
| motor nerve | carries messages away from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and organs; efferent nerve |
| myelin sheather | covering of white fatty tissue that surrounds and insulates the axon of a nerve cell. myelin speeds impulse conduction along axons |
| nerve | macroscopic cord-like collection of fibers (axons and dendrites) that carry electrical impulses. |
| neuron | nerve cell that carries impulses throughout the body |
| neurotransmitter | chemical messenger released at the end of a nerve cell. it stimulates or inhibits another cell, which can be a nerve cell, muscle cell, or gland cell. examples of neurotransmitters are acetylcholin, norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin |
| oligodendroglial cell | glial cell that forms the myelin sheath covering axons. also called oligodendrocyte |
| parasympathetic nerves | involuntary, autonomi nerves that regulate normal body functions such as heart rate, breathing, and muscles of the gastrointestinal tract. |
| parenchyma | essential, distinguishing tissue of any organ or system. the parenchyma of the nervous system includes the brain, spinal cord, and nerurons. parenchymal cells of the liver are hepatocytes, and parenchymal tissue of the kidney includes the nephrons |
| peripheral nervous system | nerves outside the brain and spinal cord; cranial, spinal, and autonomic nerves |
| pia mater | thin, delicate inner membrane of the meninges |
| plexus (plural: plexuses) | large, interlacing network of nerves. Examples are lumbosacral, cervical, and brachial plexuses. |
| pons | part of the brain anterior to the cerebellum and between the medulla and the rest of the midbrain. |
| receptor | organ that receives a nervous stimulus and passes it on to afferent nerves. the skin, ears, eyes, and taste buds are receptors |
| sciatic nerve | nerve extending from the base of the spine down the thigh, lower leg, and foot |
| sensory nerve | carries messages toward the brain and spinal cord from a receptor; afferent nerve |
| spinal nerves | thirty-one pairs of nerves arising from the sprinal cord |
| stimulus | agent of change (light, sound, touch) in the interenal or external environment that evokes a response |
| stroma | connective and supporting tissue of an organ. glial cells are the stromal tissue of the brain |
| sulcus | depression or groove in the surface of the cerebral cortex |
| sympathetic nerves | autnomic nerves that influence bodily functions involuntarily in times of stress |
| synapse | space through which a nervous impulse travels between nerve cells or between nerve and muscle or glandular cells. |
| thalamus | main relay center of the brain; conducts impulses between the spinal cord and the cerebrum |
| vagus nerve | 10th cranial nerve; its branches reach to the laynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, aorta, esophagus, and stomach |
| ventricles of the brain | canals in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid. |
Created by:
bob3000
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