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OC Coach E. Ap World
Glossary of terms for final ap exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Abacus | An ancient Chinese counting device that used rods on which were mounted movable counters |
| Absolute Monarchy | Rule by a king or queen whose power is not limited by the constitution |
| Afrikaners | South Africans who were descended from the Dutch who settled in south Africa in the 17th century |
| Age Grade | An age group into which children were placed in Bantu societies of early Sub-Saharan Africa; children within the age grade were given responsibilities and privileges suitable for their age and in this manner were prepared for adult responsibilities |
| Agricultural Revolution | The transition from foraging to the cultivation of food occuring about 8000-2000 B.C.E.; also known as the Neolithic Revolution |
| Allah | The god of the Muslims; Arabic word for "god" |
| Allience for Progress | A program of economic aid for Latin America in exchange for a pledge to establish democratic institutions; part of U.S. President Kennedy's international program |
| Allied Powers | In WWI, the nations of Great Britain, France, Russia and the U.S, and others that fought against the Central Powers; in WWII, the group of nations including Great Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and the U.S., that fought against Axis powers |
| Al-Qaeda | A terrorist group based in Afghanistan in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. |
| Animism | The belief that spirits inhabit features of nature |
| Anschluss | The German annexation of Austria prior to World War II |
| Apartheid | The South African policy of separation of the races |
| Appeasement | Policy of Great Britain and France of making concessions to Hitler in the 1930's |
| Aristocracy | Rule by a privileged hereditary class or nobility |
| Artifact | An object made by human hands |
| Artisan | A craftsman |
| Astrolabe | A navigational instrument used to determine latitude by measuring the position of the stars |
| Austronesian | A branch of languages originating in Oceania |
| Ayatollah | A traditional Muslim religious leader |
| Ayllus | In Incan society, a clan or community that worked together on projects required by the ruler |
| Bakufu | A military government established in Japan after the Gempei Wars; the emperor became a figurehead, while the real power was concentrated in the military, including the samurai |
| Bantu-speaking peoples | Name given to a group of sub-Saharan African peoples whose migrations altered the society of sub-Saharan Africa |
| Battle of Tours | The 732 battle that halted the advance of Muslim armies into Europe at a point in northern France |
| Benefice | In medieval Europe, a grant of land or other privilege to a vassal |
| Berlin conference | (1884-1885) Meeting of European imperialist powers to divide Africa among them |
| Black Death | The European name for the outbreak of the bubonic plague that spread across Asia, Europe, and North Africa in the 14th century |
| Bodhisattvas | Buddhist holy men who accumulated spiritual merits during their lifetime; buddhists prayed to them in order to recieve some of their holiness |
| Boers | South Africans of Dutch descent |
| Boer War | (1899-1902) War between the British and the Dutch over Dutch independence in South Africa; resulted in British victory |
| Bourgeoisie | In France, the class of merchants and artisams who were members of the Third Estate and initiators of the French Revolution; in Marxist theory, a term reffering to factory owners |
| Boxer Rebellion | (1898) Revolt against foreign residents in China |
| Boyars | Russian Nobility |
| Brahmin | A member of the social class of priests in Aryan society |
| Brinkmanship | The Cold War policy of the Soviet Union and the U.S. of threatening to go to war at a sign of aggression on the part of either power |
| British Commonwealth | A political community consisting of the United Kingdom, its dependencies, and former colonies of Great Britain that are now sovereign nations; currently called the Commonwelth of Nations |
| Bushi | Regional military leaders in Japan who ruled small kingdoms from fortresses |
| Bushido | The code of honor of the samurai of Japan |
| Caliph | The chief Muslim political and religious leader |
| Calpulli | Aztec clans that supplied labor and warriors to leaders |
| Capital | The money and equipment needed to engage in industrialization |
| Capitalism | An economic system based on private ownership and opportunity for profit making |
| Caravel | A small, easily steerable ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in their explorations |
| Cartels | Unions of independent businesses in order to regulate production, prices, and the marketing of goods. |
| Catholic Reformation (Counter-Reformation) | The religious reform movement within the Roman Catholic Church that occured in response to the Protestant Reformation. It reaffirmed Catholic beliefs and promoted education |
| Central Powers | In World War I, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, the Ottoman empire, and other nations who fought with them against the Allies |
| Chinampas | Platforms of twisted vines and mud that served the Aztecs as floating gardens and extended their agricultural land |
| Chivalry | A knights code of honor in Medieval Europe |
| Civilization | A cultural group with advanced cities, complex institutions, skilled workers, advanced technology, and a system of recordkeeping |
| Climate | The pattern of temperature and percipitation over a period of time |
| Coalition | A government based on temporary alliances of several political parties |
| Code Napolean | Collection of laws that standardized French law under the rule of Napolean Bonaparte |
| Cold War | The tense diplomatic relationship between the U.S. andthe Soviet Union after World War II |
| Collectivization | The combination of several small farms into a large government controlled farm |
| Columbian Exchange | The exchange of food crops, livestock, and disease between the Eastern and Western hemispheres after the voyages of Columbus |
| Commercial Revolution | The expansion of trade and commerce in Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries |
| Communism | An economic system in which the state controls the means of production |
| Conscription | Military Draft |
| Conservatism | In nineteenth-century Europe, a movement that supported monarchies, aristocracies, and state-established churches |
| Containment | Cold War policy of the U.S. whose purpose was to prevent the spread of communism |
| Cossacks | Russians who conquered and settled Siberia in the 16th and 17th centuries |
| Covenant | Agreement; in the Judeo-Christian heritage, an agreement between God and humankind |
| Criollos (Creoles) | A term used in colonial Spanish America to describe a person born in the Americas of European parents |
| Cubism | A school of art in which persons and objects are represented by geometric forms |
| Cultural Diffusion | The transmission of ideas and products from one culture to another |
| Cultural Revolution | A Chinese movement from 1966 to 1976 intended to establish an egalitarian society of peasants and workers |
| Cuneiform | A system of writing originating in Mesopotamia in which a wedge-shaped stylus was used to press symbols into clay |
| Daimyo | A Japanese feudal lord in charge of an army of samurai |
| Dar al-Islam | The House of Islam; a term representing the political and religious unity of the various Islamic groups |
| Declaration of the Rights of Man | A statement of political rights adopted by the French National Assembly during the French Revolution |
| Declaration of the Rights of Woman | A statement of the rights of women written by Olympe de Gouges in response to the Declaration of the Rights of Man |
| Deism | The concept of God common to the scientific revolution: the deity was believed to have set the world in motion and then allowed it to operate by natural laws |
| Democracy | A political system in which the people rule |
| Devshirme | A practice of the Ottoman Empire to take Christian boys from their home communities to serve as Janissaries |
| Dharma | The position in the Hindu caste system that was determined by ones birth |
| Diaspora | The exile of an ethnic or racial group from their homeland |
| Divine Right | The belief of absolute rulers that their right to govern is granted by God |
| Domestic System | A manufacturing method in which the stages of the manufacturing process are carried out in private homes rather than a factory setting |
| Duma | The Russian Parliament |
| Dutch Learning | Western learning embraced by some Japanese in the 18th century |
| Dynasty | A series of rulers from the same family |
| Economic Imperialism | Control of a country's economy by the businesses of another nation |
| Edict of Milan | A document that made Christianity one of the religions allowed in the Roman Empire |
| Empirical Research | Research based on the collection of data |
| Enclosure Movement | The fencing of pasture land in England beginning prior to the Industrial revolution |
| Encomienda | A practice in the Spanish colonies that granted land and the labor of Native Americans on that land to European colonists |
| Enlightenment | A philosophical movement in 18th century Europe that was based on reason and the concept that education and training could improve humankind and society |
| Entrepreneurship | The ablility to combine the factors of land, labor, and capital to create factory production |
| Estates | The divisions of society in prerevolutionary France |
| Estates-General | The traditional legislative body of France |
| Euro | The standard currency introduced and adopted by the majority of members of the European Union in January 2002 |
| European Union | An organization designed to reduce trade barriers and promote economic unity in Europe; it was formed in 1993 to replace the European Community |
| Evangelical | Pertaining to preaching the Gospel (the good news) or pertaining to theologically conservative Christians |
| Excommunication | The practice of the Roman Catholic and other Christian churches of prohibiting participation in the sacraments to those who do not comply with church teaching of practices |
| Extraterritoriality | The right of foreigners to live under the laws of their home country rather than those of the host country |
| Factor | An agent with trade privileges in early Russia |
| Fascism | A political movement that is characterized by extreme nationalism, one pary rule, and the denial of individual rights |
| Feminism | The movement to achieve womens rights |
| Feudalism | A political, economic, and social system based on the relationship between lord and vassal in order to provide protection |
| Fief | In medieval Europe, a grant of land given in exchange for military or other services |
| Filial Piety | In China, repect for one's parents and other elders |
| Five Pillars | Five practices required of Muslims; faith, prayer, almsgiving, fasting, and pilgrimage |
| Five Year Plan | Plans for industrial production first introduced to the Soviet Union in 1928 by Stalin: they succeeded in making the Soviet Union a major industrial power by the end of the 1930's |
| Footbinding | In China, a method of breaking and binding women's feet; seen as a sign of beauty and social position, footbinding also confined women to the household |
| Foraging | A term used for hunting and gathering |
| Geneva Conference | A 1954 conference that divided Vietnam at the seventeenth parallel |
| Genocide | The systematic killing of an entire ethnic group |
| Geocentric Theory | The belief held by many before the Scientific Revolution that the earth is the center of the universe |
| Glasnost | The 1985 policy of Mikhail Gorbachev that allowed openness of expression of ideas in the Soviet Union |
| Glorious Revolution | The bloodless overthrow of English king James I and the placement of William and Mary on the English throne |
| Gothic Architecture | Architecture of 12th century Europe, featuring stained-glass windows, flying buttresses, tall spires, and pointed arches |
| Gran Columbia | The temporary union of the northern potrion of South America after the independence movements led by Simon Bolivar; ended in 1830 |
| Great Depression | The severe woldwide economic downturn that began in the late 1920s and continued into the 1930s thoughout many regions of the world |
| Great Leap Forward | The disasterous economic policy introduced by Mao Zedong that proposed the implementation of small-scale industrial projects on individual peasant communes |
| Green Revolution | A program of improved irragtion methods and the introduction of high-yeild seeds and fertilizers and pesticides to improve agricultural production; the Green Revolution was especially successful in Asia but was also used in Latin America |
| Griots | Storytellers of sub-Saharan Africa who carried on oral traditions and histories |
| Guano | Bird droppings used as fertilizer; a major trade item in Peru in the late 19th century |
| Guest Workers | Workers from North Africa and Asia who migrated to Europe during the late 20th century in search of employment; some guest workers settled in Europe permanently |
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