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Nat. Review chpt. 3
Cellular review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Prokaryote | A cell that does not have a nucleus |
| Eukaryote | A cell with an enclosed nucleus |
| Cell membrane | Contains the cell contents and regulates what comes in or out |
| Cytoplasm | Cell fluid |
| Nulceus | Contains genetic material |
| Deoxyribonucleic acid | DNA |
| DNA | Genetic master plan |
| Chromosomes | Threadlike structures of DNA |
| Genes | Segments of chromosomes |
| Ribonucleic acid | RNA |
| RNA | Carries the information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm |
| Ribosomes | Organelles for decoding RNA and synthesizing proteins |
| Endoplasmic reticulum | Collects the proteins and then packages them for shipping to other areas of the body |
| Rough ER | Endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes |
| Smooth ER | ER without ribosomes; many enzymes are contained here |
| Golgi apparatus | Stores, modifies, sorts, and delivers products of ER and ribosomes |
| Mitochodria | Responsible for taking energy out of sugars (powerhouse of the cell) |
| Lysosome | A small pocket of digestive enzymes to destroy foreign or damaged cells or organelles |
| Cenrioles | Supervise cell division |
| Cilia | Hair-like protrusions from the cell membrane used for moving substances around the cell |
| Flagellum | A tail like projection used for motility |
| Mitosis | Cell division |
| Tonicity | A measure of the strength of a solution |
| Hypertonic | A high concentration of solute |
| Isotonic | An equal concentration of solute |
| Hypotonic | A low concentration of solute |
| Diffusion | Movement of solute from hypertonic to hypotonic |
| Osmosis | Diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane |
| Osmotic pressure | Pressure created from osmosis |
| Filtration | Movement of fluid through a membrane that restricts larger molecules but allows smaller ones |
| Active transport | Transport of substances into or out of the cell that requires energy |
| Phagocytosis | Solid particles engulfed by the cell membrane (eaten by the cell) |
| Pinocytosis | Fluids are engulfed by the cell membrane (drank by the cell) |
| Dialysis | Artificial filtering of the blood through a semipermeable membrane |
| Histology | Study of tissues |
| Epithelial tissue | Tissue that lines body surfaces |
| Squamous epithelial tissue | Flattened cells for diffusion, filtration and protection |
| Cuboidal epithelial tissue | Cube shaped cells found lining secretory, excretory, and absorptive glands and ducts |
| Columnar epithelial tissue | Column shaped cells used for protection and sometimes mucous production |
| Transitional epithelial tissue | Similar to squamous addapted for stretching |
| Connective tissue | Tissue used for packaging, protecting, and supporting various organs |
| Adiposed tissue | Made up of adipose cells that store fat |
| Fascia | The lining around muscles, blood vessels, and nerves that holds them in place |
| Dense fibrous connective tissue | Strong but flexible used to bind muscle to bone or bone to bone |
| Tendon | Tissue that connects muscle to bone or other tissue |
| Ligament | Tissue that connects bone to bone |
| Reticular connective tissue | Tissue woven from a network of fibers with some phagocytes |
| Bone | The most rigid connective tissue |
| Cartilage | A semisolid somewhat elastic material |
| Blood | Specialized cells suspended in liquid |
| Muscle tissue | Responsible for every movement of the body |
| Smooth muscle tissue | Found in hollow organs of the body, involuntary control, nonstriated |
| Viceral muscle tissue | AKA smooth muscle tissue |
| Cardiac muscle tissue | Found in the heart, involuntary control, striated, contains intercalated disks |
| Intercalated disks | Small disks at the end of each cell that connects the cells together and allows the spread of electrical activation from one cell to those around it |
| Skeletal muscle tissue | Muscle, voluntary control, striated |
| Nervous tissue | Responsible for contucting nerve impusles through the body |
| Neuron | Nerve cell for conducting nerve impulses |
| Myelin | Neurological cells that wrap around neurons to provide support and protection |
| Mucous membranes | Secrete mucous |
| Serous membranes | Secrete serous fluid |
| Pleurae | Serous membranes of the lungs |
| Pericardium | Serous membranes of the heart |
| Peritoneum | Serous membranes of the abdominopelvic cavity |
| Synovial membranes | Highly vascular membranes that surround the inside of synovial joint capsules |
| Which of the 4 nucleotides that form DNA binds with Cytosine? | Guanine |
| Which of the 4 nucleotides that make up DNA binds with Adenine? | Thymine |
| What does RNA use to bind with Adenine? | Uracil |
| Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) | Stored energy |
| Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | Energy needed for life |
| Extracellular | Outside of cell |
| Interstitial fluid | Fluid outside of cell |
| Intracellular fluid | Cytoplasm |
| The plasma membrane is made of a | Bilayer of phospholipids |
| Simple (layering ex. simple squamous) | 1 layer |
| Stratified (layering ex. stratified squamous) | More then 1 layer |
| Chondrocytes | Cartilage cells |
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skpoem
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