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World Religions 2011
World Religions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Chuang Tzu | Lao Tuz's disciple who lived 200 years after him, considered best interpreter of Tao Te Ching, his writings are second in importance. |
| Confucius | Founder of Confusionism and "opponent" of Lao Tzu |
| Fields of Cinnabar | three regions of the body - head, chest, and abdomen. |
| Hsien | Those who become immortal |
| I Ching | "Book of Changes" containing explanations of systems of divination; also accepted as one of the five classics of Confusionism |
| Ko Hung | Taoist scholar and proponent of immortality school of religious taoism... |
| Kuei | Bad and unpredictable spirits. |
| Lao Tzu | Founder of Taoism - names means "Old boy." |
| wu hsing | the five elements theory |
| wu wei | “non |
| yin and Yang | complementary opposites |
| Fields of Cinnabar | 3 regions of Body: head, chest, abdomen |
| P’u | uncarved block, things in their original simplicity contain their own natural power (recall the Tao of Pooh) |
| Shen | beneficial spirits |
| No eschatology | death final matters |
| P’eng lai | Paradisical island |
| 5 classics | Shu Ching (Book of History) Shih Ching (Book of Poetry) I Ching (Book of Changes) Ch’un ch’iu (Sping and Autumn Annals) Li Chi (Book of Rituals) |
| The Four Books | Lun Yu (Analects) Chung Yung (Doctrine of the Mean) Ta Hsueh (Great Learning) Meng Tzu (Book of Mencius) |
| jen | love, benevolence, goodness, “human heartedness” or “true manhood,” the ideal attribute and goal of a Confucian education |
| li | ettiquette, protocol, propriety, proper ritual, manners, the proper way relationships between people should be managed |
| hsiao | respect and obedience for elders (especially parents), filial piety |
| chung yung | principle of the “golden mean,” central harmony; also one of the Four Books |
| chun tzu | the true, perfect or ideal person; the Confucian gentleman (qualities: Jen, li, hsiao) |
| cheng ming | literally “rectification of names,” true correspondence between words and realities, between titles and behavior |
| 5 relationships | Ruler to Subject Father to Son Elder to Junior Husband to Wife Friend to friend |
| K’ung Fu’tzu (Confucius) | was a professional teacher for most of his life, only served in the government for a year or so |
| Saoshyant | the coming Savior, the messiah figure, Zoroastrian |
| Angra Mainyu | (also Ahriman) the evil entity or “Hostile Spirit,” destructive spirit, the devil Zoroastrian |
| Ahura Mazda | (also Ohrmazd) means “Lord of Wisdom,” the supreme being, Creator of the World, power of good, guardian of humankind Zoroastrian |
| Fravashi/Farohar | term and concept of a person’s guardian angel, a spirit which enters this life with a person and continues with him or her beyond death Zoroastrian |
| navjote | public ceremony of initiation into the Zoroastrian faith, sometime between 7 and 15 years of age, receive the sudre and the kusti |
| sudre | a white cotton undershirt worn next to the skin at all times (except when bathing) as a religious symbol of commitment and protection; has a pocket to be filled symbolically with good thoughts, words and deeds Zoroastrian |
| kusti | literally “sacred cord”; a woven woolen hollow cord tied around the waist, symbolic of being girded with faith, untied and retied several times a day to the accompaniment of prayers Zoroastrian |
| haoma | plant known as soma in India which has hallucinogenic properties used in rituals Zoroastrian |
| Amesha Spentas | 6 immortal beings Zoroastrian |
| asha | order and opposite of chaos Zoroastrian |
| Founder of Zoroastrian | had vision, saw God |
| The Avesta | the sacred book of ancient Zoroastrianism; only a quarter of the original has survived |
| Gathas | hymns or poems written by Zarathustra |
| Zoroastrian beliefs | Fire is sacred No cremation, bodies pecked clean on the tower, dakhma. Monotheistic, One God. Dualism, there is an adversary good and evil. sexuality, extremes like asceticism and hedonism are bad, but asceticism is worse of the two b/c it implies an |
| Kabbalism | set of esoteric ancient teachings meant to explain the relationship between eternal, mysterious Creator and mortal finite universe, set of scriptures exist outside of traditional Jewish script |
| Hasidic Judaism | promotes spirituality and joy through Jewish mysticism founder: Rabbi Israel Ball Shem Tov (18th century) VERY orthodox |
| Abraham's promises | posterity, that his descendants would become a great nation land and that he and his posterity would be given the land of Canaan |
| 1700 BCE | Abraham flees to Canaan and receives covenants |
| 1200 BCE | Israel enslaved in Egypt, Moses frees them, first Passover, 10 Commandments and wandering in the wilderness for 40 years |
| 10th Century BCE | Solomon’s Temple (original) built |
| 500 BCE | Babylon exile, Solomons temple destroyed, return and construction of the 2nd Temple |
| 0 CE | Herod’s Temple built (actually renovation of 2nd Temple) |
| 70 CE | Destruction of Jerusalem and Herod’s Temple by Romans |
| 1940’s | Holocaust and state of Israel formed |
| The Tanak (The “Jewish Bible”) | Torah: The Pentateuch, or the first five books of the Old Testament Nev’im: prophets Ketuvim: writings |
| The Talmud | the foundational writings of Orthodox Jewish life, in law, lore and lifestyle. Mishnah: written compilation of what was the oral halacha (law), written about 200 CE Aggadeh/Gemara: commentary by later rabbis on issues raised in the Mishnah |
| Jewish belief about death | burial ASAP, most oppose cremation except Reform Judaism, death must not be hastened |
| Jewish High Holy Days | Hanukkah, Sabbath, Yom Kippur, and Rosh Hashanah |
| Jewish Festivals | Passover, Shavot, Succoth |
| Yom Kippur | (Day of Atonement) focus on repentance. Kal Nidre is the prayer asking for forgiveness (distinctive dissonance in tune, reflecting the dissonance of our will with Gods and bringing them into harmony). 25hour fast of all food and drink and not allowed to |
| Rosh Hashanah | literally “head of the year”; the Jewish New Year in September or October depending on Hebrew lunar calendar, when god makes judgments for that year based on ones actions from the preceding year. there is a ten day period to rectify ones life and alter th |
| Hanukkah | ‘festival of lights’ Antiochus sought to remove Jews |
| Passover | (Festival of Unleavened Bread) seven day festival in Spring; celebrating the exodus from Egypt, when the angel of death passed over Israel’s firstborn in Egypt, as well as Israel’s ultimate deliverance from bondage, the Passover meal is called seder which |
| Shavot | (Feast of Weeks) celebrated in early summer |
| Succoth | (Feast of Tabernacles/Booths (sukkah)) celebrated in the fall, remembrance of the wandering in the wilderness, receiving the 10 Commandments |
| bar mitzvah | literally “son of the commandment”; main public ceremony of initiation for Jewish boys age 13, called up in the synagogue to read from the Torah |
| bat mitzvah | literally “daughter of the commandment”; ritual for 12 year old girls of Conservative and Reformed Jewish traditions similar to the bar mitzvah |
| seder | the Passover meal, highly symbolic and in the same order year after year, includes bitter herbs (to remember the bitterness of Jewish suffering), unleavened bread (which represent 2 normal Sabbath loaves plus “bread of affliction” to remind of the bondage |
| kosher | literally means “fit,” refers mainly to a particular diet: animals with cloven hooves and chew cud permitted (beef and mutton), slaughtered humanely, blood removed, pork is forbidden; birds that don’t eat carrion (chicken, turkey, duck); fish with scales, |
| kippah (Hebrew) or yarmulke (Yiddish) | the round head covering worn by Jewish men |
| tallit | prayer shawl; symbolizes commandments, covering the head in reverence |
| ashkenazim | Jews from eastern Europe |
| sephardim | Jews from Spain +Arab world |
| mitnagdim | opposes the emotionalism of the Hasidim |
| 300 CE | scripture connonization, Constantine and the Nicene Council (Christianity) |
| 500 CE | benedictine order established (Christianity) |
| 1000 | 1200 CE |
| 16th century | protestant reformation |
| analogia entis | analogy of being (natural order) |
| analogia fidei | analogy of faith |
| Quakers | George Fox was the founder; authority or inspiration and revelation (17th century) scripture came second to the inner spirit of God; rejected payment of ministers |
| Ecumenical Movement | concerned with the recovery of the unity of all believers in Christ, transcending differences of creed, ritual and polity |
| William Tyndale | translated the Bible into English and had it published, was bunt at the stake, brought scriptures to the common man |
| Roger Williams | Started the American Baptist history in the United States when he formed a church in Providence, Rhode Island, based on Baptist principles. |
| eucharist | derived from the Greek “thanksgiving”; another name for Holy Communion, the Lord’s Supper, or in LDS terms the sacrament, holy communion |
| homoousios | of one essence (the believe that the father son and holy spirit is of one essence) |
| homoiousios | like substance |
| Episcopal | founded upon a hierarchical structure |
| patriarch | eastern orthodox leader |
| penance | confession |
| unction | anointment with oil |
| apocrypha | old testament books not included in the original canon of scripture. It means “hidden” |
| As | saam allekum |
| shari’a | law/legal code |
| tawheed | uncompromised unity, oneness of God “There is no God but Allah.” |
| shirk | belief that there is more than one deity, opposite of tawheed |
| jihad | struggle or holy war; personal battle within self to surrender to God’s will |
| Ka’aba | main mosque in mecca for pilgrimage |
| masjid | mosque |
| imam | spiritual leader |
| zamzam | well in Mecca |
| umma | worldwide community of Muslims |
| Sunni | 80% of all Islam, accepted the “companions” of the prophet as leaders; believe in consensual leadership and reject the Shi’ite method; Abu bakr |
| Shi’a or Shi’ite | means “the party or sect”; 15% of all Islam; believe that leadership should be hereditary; accepted the “family of Muhammad” as leaders; Ali son in law |
| Sufi | Islamic branch that represents the “mystical dimension” and teachings; emphasizes spiritual experience rather than ritual, seeks mystical union with God in this life |
| Baha ‘U llah | (1817 to1892) was a follower of the Bab, claimed to be the Messiah of all religions (12th or Hidden Imam, Khalki, etc.) was exiled and wandered in the wilderness for 2 years calls prophets “Manifestations of God” (prophets include Buddha, Christ,etc) |
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