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World History BYU
William Hamblin HIS 201
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Thalassocracy | sovereignty of the seas; a state whose power derives from its naval or commercial supremacy on the seas. |
| Mycenaean | warlike people, Bronze Age, chariots, feuding constantly, collapses in civil war |
| Troy | A major commercial rival of the myceneans; this city was conquered by the Mycenaeans around 1220. (WH-91) |
| city-state (polis) | An independent state featuring its own urban center and surrounding agricultural land. A defining feature of Greek political, economic and cultural centrality. (WH-93). |
| Greek democracy | limited democracy - restricted to those served in the Army, had to supply own arms and weapons - had to have a certain level of wealth; worried about bribing votes from poor people |
| Golden Age | starts 750BC, peak- 600 BC, also called Classical Age, city states and limited democracy, maritime empire, Classic - best of its class and worthy of emulation, *causes- values art and the good, wealth - opportunity b/c slaves are doing all the work (slave |
| Cultural heritage | epitome of cultural perfection, "the search for the good, the true, and the beautiful" -Plato, foundational civilization for 1000s years to come. Greece produced a lot of texts, history, etc that have greatly contributed to society today. |
| Athens | 50% population is slaves, created the Golden Age - forced emulation, situated advantageously geographically |
| Cultural values- art, philosophy, etc, temples | |
| Sparta | completely focused on having a good army; rival of Athens; not focused on culture therefore leaving behind no artifacts to study; wins in the end |
| Persian Wars | Begins the Golden Age; Cyrus had conquered all of Anatolia, Greeks aid rebelling cities in Anatolia so Persians declare war on Greece : lasts 20+ years, Greeks can't beat the huge Persian land army, but won with their navy, Greeks can protect themselves w |
| Persians did burn the city of Athens, catalyzed massive building project for new Athens | |
| Peloponnesian Wars | War between Sparta and Athens. Sparta wins. |
| Macedonia | Hellenistic Age city state in northern Greece close to Anatolia. eventually conquered Athens. Alexander the Great is a Macedonian |
| Alexander the Great | Hellenistic ageKing of Macedonia, responsible for the collapse of Persia, brought political disunity and destroyed the old Greek order |
| Alexander’sSuccessors | Ptolemy I, Seleucus I, Didocine, Generals of Alexander, led to the 50 yr war |
| Ptolemies | successor of Alexander the Great, Egypt, Ptolemy was a governor in Egypt and knew Alexander |
| Seleucids | as people were trying to decide who was going to take over after Alexander, these people took part of the region, from Syria/Mesopotamia. Rules Persian Empire. |
| *Both Ptolemies and Seleucids ruled at one point in Israel; Ptolemies were friendly to the Jews, Seleucids opposed the Jews | |
| Hellenism | Spread of Greek culture (art, architecture, literature, and language) outside of Greece. Elites became hellenized but not the common people (peasants, farmers) therefore, this created tension within original cultures of Persia, Mesopotamia, Syria, Jews an |
| Alexandria | city in Egypt, located on Nile Delta; became the biggest Jewish city in the world: many Jews settled there because of its wealth and power. Library of Alexandria -was huge and was burned down. “Super Greek city.” |
| Syncretism | mixture of Greek philosophy with religion. |
| Pax Romana | “Roman peace” enabled by the early years of conquest (Rome had conquered so many lands and gained subsidiary allies that relative peace resulted). Pax Romana (to 200 BC) enabled prosperity, trade, travel, the transmission of ideas, etc. It is in this peri |
| Greek Philosophy | based on reason, merged w/ religion |
| Jewish responses to Hellenism | groups respond differently. Some embrace Hellenization completely, like Philo and Josephus. Others Hellenize somewhat, like Paul, but remain true especially in matters of religion. Others rejected Hellenism completely, like the Rabbis. In the end, it w |
| Homer | GREEK(8th Century BC) world’s greatest poets, wrote Iliad (sack of Troy by Mycenaean warbands), and the Odyssey. Both works combine historical oral tradition with legend, mythic tales of the gods, and keen insights into human nature, formed Greek cultural |
| Herodotus | GREEK“Father of History” is the earliest Greek historian whose work survives intact. Persian wars were his theme…lengthy digressions into ethnography, geography, natural science, and religion…wrote the History. |
| Socrates | Greek father of Western philosophy. Shoemaker who delighted in informal philosophical discussions with friends and disciples. Had question/answer discussions, always questioning assumptions of Athenian society. Wanted to discover what constituted the good |
| Plato | Greek had many writings of idealized dialogues among Socrates, his students, and various important Athenians. Plato provides insights into what he saw as Socrates’s basic philosophy, also wrestling with life and society. Thought ideal society was governed |
| Aristotle | Greek student of Plato and most prolific and influential philosopher of antiquity (ancient times). Attempted to master philosophy and science. Writings include works on logic, metaphysics, ethics, politics, physics, natural sciences, meteorology, and geo |
| Acropolis (sacrifice) | greekElevated mount where Greeks build temples, gov’t buildings, etc., citadel |
| Parthenon | means virgin-like. Dedicated to Athena, who is a virgin goddess. Built post-Persian war; cult statue of Athena – griffins, serpent, shield, victory. Goddess of war – grants military victory; Hesiod - Athena’s shield; Athena’s olive tree – Athenians were s |
| Greek Eleusis (initiation) | site of secret doctrines of immortality and resurrection; destroyed due to earthquakes. Well was used for purification. Cave of Pluto – entrance to the underworld. Everyone went to “Hades” except for very special people – “Gates of Hades shall not prevail |
| Greek Mystery religion | Religions that were kept a secret, no one could talk about it. From Eastern fertility cults. Something you choose to join. Pick a particular god and worship him. Personal relationship with god. Not exclusive-can worship other gods too. allegorical fertili |
| Demeter | Greek goddess of fertility; daughter is Persephone who is kidnapped by Hades. They marry in the underworld. Brings seasons to the world; Demeter is happy and is spring/summer but when her daughter leaves with Pluto again, its winter and things begin to di |
| Dexiosis | greek right-hand; hand clasp of mortal and god to accept them into heaven. |
| Delphi (oracle) | GREEK city where they worshipped Apollo; Has sacred way, treasury (riches were collected for god/goddess, Shrine to Gaia: had jagged stone wall to prevent destruction by earthquakes, also has tree/stone where they believe creation site was. |
| Pythia | known as the Oracle of Delphi, was the priestess at the Temple of Apollo at Delphi; snake goddess, priestess would give the prophecies (snake was sacred because they shed meaning eternal life). Hosted sporting event at Theater-stadium. You honor Gods by d |
| place of divination | |
| Greek prophecy | Given by oracles, very ambiguous; that is why they were mostly true all temples have theaters and stadiums (sports). |
| iconography of ritual | attempt to restore/understand how rituals work based on images. You’re going to end up using certain icons for ritual. |
| omphalos (naval) | means naval – belly button. Stone at center of temple at Delphi that represented the center of creation. |
| Hasmoneans (Maccabees) | Hellenistic JerusalemBring century of Jewish independence |
| Seleucids | gain independence in Syria and defeat the Ptolemies in the 198 Battle of Banias |
| Antiochus | Antiochus IV invaded Egypt in 168, but withdrew his forces in the face of the Romans. The Jews revolt on hearing rumors of his death. Called himself “epiphanes”: manifestation of God |
| High Priesthood | in this era bribery became a huge problem. Simon (below) died and both Onias III and Jason vie for the position of HP. Jason, a Hellenized, pro-Seleucid, wins using bribery. Onias flees to Egypt and establishes a new temple there. A huge rift in societ |
| Simon as King and Priest | King of Hasmoneans. He is not a descendant of David. Not descendant from Aaron but is a Zadokit (descendant from Levi). Family has no right to kingship or high priesthood. Elders of the land, priests and the people votes Simon should be their leader and H |
| HE enforced Judaization (forcing people to be Jewish) | |
| Fortification | Hasmoneans modernized the walls and fortifications to match Greek style. |
| Monumental tombs | Found in the Kidron Valley. Royal tombs of Hasmonean Kings or royal people. |
| Temple building and symbolism | Hasmonean coins contain symbols of temple like the Menorah. They didn’t put images of their God on their coins because of their religion. They only used abstract symbols. |
| Socrates, Plato, and Greek philosophy | Socrates was proclaimed as the wisest among men by the oracle. He thought it couldn’t be so. He dedicated himself to searching the wisdom of every man and found that all men who know something think they know everything. In this Socrates was the wisest. F |
| The role of Oracles in ancient societies (Oracle at Delphi) | the Oracle of Delphi served as an important guide in ancient Greece. (Verbal connection between the Gods and the earth) |
| Diogenes and the nature of classical Cynicism | He basically mocked Alexander; Alexander greatly respected Diogenes, but when he asked if there was anything he could do for him, Diogenes simply replies, “yes, quit blocking my sunlight.” He believed that humans should behave like the animals they are. |
| Alexander and the Gymnosophists | “naked wise men” who devote life to philosophy - wrote letter to Alexander stating that he need not come unto them in battle because they have nothing, Alexander visited with them and asked many questions pertaining to life |
| Alexander and the High Priest of Jerusalem | Alexander upon conquering Jerusalem embraced the high priest and treated them well. |
| Etruscans | ROME rise of Etruscans in 9th century represents the foundation of true civilization in Italy. From the near east. Known to the egyptians as “sea peoples.” Brought with them the alphabet, some masonry, ships, and navigation, fine arts and crafts, and soph |
| Roman Republic | key geographic position of Rome’s control of best crossing of Tiber river. Because natural leader of Latin alliance. established 509-30 AD, Had Twelve Bronze Tablets of the Law |
| Roman Government | twelve tablets of law complex mixture of limited democracy and oligarchy. Theoretically a representative republic2 principles -man’s political power proportional to wealth -Must serve in army to vote |
| Roman Celtic invasions | Gauls. Etruscans defeated. Rome survives. Led to Roman Army being one of strongest world has ever seen. Threatened by Phoenicians, Etruscans, etc, so they became millitarized and started conquering city after city. |
| Rome was a vassal city-state of the Etruscans in the Monarchy Period and then set up a Republic. They collapsed after civil war and come back to Monarchy. | |
| Punic Wars | Romans superior army and greater population and manpower |
| Carthaginians superior navy and greater trade wealth | |
| Fought for domination of the Western Mediterranean | |
| 1st Punic war | central issue was domination of Sicily. Initially Carthaginians were in lead, Rome rose to naval challenge. Fleet destroyed in storm. Stalemate then Romans won. Carthaginians evacuated Sicily. (Peace settlement) |
| 2nd Punic war | Spainish conquest. Romans claimed north east. Hannibal led the Carthaginians. Avoided Sicily. Attacked over the Alps in Italy. Strike directly at Rome. Between 218 and 216 destroyed four Roman armies. Almost defeated them. Had insufficient supplies and si |
| Rome attacked using Hannibal’s technique. Carthage surrendered, Hannibal fled to Anatolia. Later committed suicide. | |
| 3rd war | Carthage reduced by treaty. Carthaginians started gaining ground. Romans obliterated them. Results- 4 major effects 1. Romans undisputed masters western Mediterranean 2. necessary resources for expansion 3. Roman navy 4. Laid cultural foundation for Euro. |
| Carthage | capital of Phoenicians, Founded byPhoenician refugees, created huge merchant empire . Target of Punic Wars |
| Hannibal | most famous general from Punic wars who attacked Rome from the north and nearly conquer them. He came through the alps, this was a surprise attack. He was a Carthagean. |
| Militarization of Rome | Result of punic warsMajor threats caused them (Romans) to become highly militarized in preparation. This cause a lot of problems within society. War caused farmers to leave for war and forget about there crops. How was this made right? War slaves were tak |
| Slave Revolts | revolts of slaves and peasants. they sacked Rome. Lead by Sparticus, 135-171 |
| Caesar | winner of three rival generals, Pompey himself and Crassus. Senate or part of was against Caesar and they murdered him. Fall of the Republic. conquered Gauls (47-44 BC) |
| Augustus | This is when Rome becomes a Empire (creation of Roman empire). He served a dual function high priest and king. Augustus is the nephew to Caesar. (real name is Octavius but is proclaimed Augustus 27BCE) |
| Fall of the Republic | Slave revolts and civil war; 15-30 BCE; the original Caesar attempted to create an empire; Augustus appointed Emporer |
| Pax Romana | means “Roman Peace.” Period of peace and stability. One must be loyal and pay tribute to Rome. This is a must, if not Rome would make it known. This also creates trade and travel very easy. |
| Architecture | Altar of Peace small building containing in altar to sacrifice for the gods of peace. Romans were incredible builders with massive columns. Triumph arches, pic-example victory over Jerusalem. built them in triumph after winning a battle. Colosseum also an |
| Rome and Hellenism | Allowed Hellenism to continue and added Latin into it. They merged them together so it seems. Adopted Greek culture; Roman political conquest meant the preservation of Greek culture |
| Livy | Roman exemplar of Roman history, Rome’s greatest historian |
| Virgil | Roman exemplar of Roman literature, Rome’s greatest writer |
| Roman civic religion | patriotism. act of political loyalty by worshipping gods of the state; required of people Rome conquered |
| Roman sacrifice | this was a major part of Roman religion, this was also a political act. Showed your support by sacrifice to the state/city gods. Public and private sacrifice for the state (not patriotic if you didn’t do it). |
| emperor worship | by the time of the empire they worshiped the emperor, its more of worshiping the divine spirit of Rome. Worship the “Genius” of the emperor (spirit) |
| Roman philosophy | Search on how to live a good life. Looked towards philosophers on how to live your life. God was not the moral exemplar. People behavetg to philosophies and not Gods. Greece and Rome paid attention to philosophy as an academic pursuit and a way of life. P |
| Roman mystery religions | Religion that had a secret teaching or ritual that only members could participate in. Example (isis). Something that is unique about them is you would choose to join. Old polytheism your worship the gods of the city not choose who to worship. Elaborate ri |
| Diaspora | Roman Judeaspreading of the Jews, Scattering of Jews from 700 BC onward to all parts of the Near East |
| Jewish Hellenization | During RomanJews were adopting Greek language, dress, cultural in general. Greek was the main language that Jews spoke during this time. |
| Roman Corruption of the Temple | temple destroyed in 70AD. Jews were allowed to pray to their god but it was for the emperor in behalf of him. Jews would not allow the corruption of worshiping roman gods and the emperor of the empire. Manly because of this roman influence of Rome choosin |
| Jewish Sectarianism | Many Jewish Sects with different relations to Romans. Fragmented society. Example- Pharisees (Separatists), Sadducees (priests), essenes (Dead Sea Scrolls), Samaritans, Zealots, Scribes, Lawyers, Publicans, Am ha-Eretz (people of the land-peasants). |
| Herod the Great | 63 BC made king by the roman senate as a reward. He was a powerful general. Puppet and collaborator with the Romans, Great builder, Temples, Jerusalem Jewish. Also built pagan temples. Dysfunctional family Herod had killed his sons. Roman Vassal King. Red |
| Vassals and Procurators | Rome splits Herod’s kingdom into 3 to keep this puppet kingdom weak. Procurators, they are sent by Rome to watch over the ruler and basically approve or make every decision regarding this puppet kingdom. Vassals were the 3 that where given portions of the |
| Corruption | (See problems in Judea). Social Classes-rich vs. poor cultural differences. Social, economic, cultural disunity and chaos. Taxing was unfair, bribery |
| Messianism | belief in the coming of a messiah. This was a problem to Rome. The messiah would rise up in Jerusalem and overthrow government and set up rule. He would be a spiritual leader. This made Rome jealous. This also caused false messiahs which caused a large re |
| Qumran | the cave in which the dead sea scrolls were discovered in 1947 (and excavated in 1951). |
| Biblical texts | found in qumran Old Testament and New Testament translated in Greek in Egypt. |
| Essenes | A sect of Jewish believers. The Dead Sea Scrolls are their sectarian writings, after their sect was rejected by the Hasmoneans and the split from the less strict main stream of Judaic followers. |
| Eschatology | a part of theology and philosophy concerned with what are believed to be the final events in history, or the ultimate destiny of humanity, and/or the end of the world |
| Eschatology of temple | Theology concerning the last events of temple concerning the purification of temple practices, restoration of true priesthood, and rebuilding of perfected temple since many saw the temple as being corrupted. |
| Herodian Temple Mount | The “Holy Sanctuary” Herod redid it and made it bigger, in operation at the time of Christ, most of the remaining structures are from this Temple Mount |
| Jewish Courts and plazas | can be entered by gentiles (appease syncretists, who make offerings to Jupiter there) |
| Jewish monumental gateways | big gateways that mark the pathways between sacred and secular space |
| Jewish Soreg | temenos wall- surrounds the temple mount and marks the sacred boundaries that cannot be entered by foreigners (gentiles). Had gates with inscriptions (punishment for entering is death) |
| Jewish mikva purification pools | Where you would immerse yourself and then changed into white clothes before going into temple (purification ritual). |
| tunnels | Jews went in these underground tunnels and then up stairs to go up to the temple mount plaza. |
| Jewish altar | Priests go up and do sacrifices. Part of sacrifice is burned to God, other part is for the priests and the rest is for the person who offered the sacrifice. |
| Holy of Holies | Incense altar inside. Also offerings of wine and bread done. Veil covered Holy of Holies. Entire rooms was gold. Menorah perpetually burning. |
| Samaritan sacrifice | Samaritans celebrate passover on Mt Gerizim. They sacrifice sheep all at once at sundown when the word is given. Performed at the edge of a long trough. You share a meal with God by making the sacrifice holy. |
| Pagan Jerusalem (Aelia Capitolina) | Roman Jerusalem. Structures built in the Roman style and while the legion was stationed in the city (ex- Damascus Gate and legionary column). Temple is to Jupiter and Venus during this time. Jerusalem was desolate from 70-132 AD before this Roman rebuil |
| Bar Kochba (second) Rebellion | 132-135 AD. Messianic fervor resulted in a rebellion that briefly regained Jerusalem for the Jews. Bar Kochba claimed to be the Messiah. They renewed temple sacrifice and tried to rebuild the temple, until the Romans come and destroy the city and ban Jews |
| Gates | Rebuilt in Roman style |
| Tacitus's view of Roman imperialism | Romans create a wasteland and call it peace. They use terror and dread to form loyalty, but they are destined to fail by rebellion |
| Roman Destruction of the Temple, 70 CE | When the Romans finally conquered Jerusalem, they burned the Temple to the ground, contrary to Titus’ supposed wishes. Was considered acceptable to destroy the temple when it was used as a citadel. |
| Vespasian as Messiah | Vespasian was declared Emperor of Rome (and in the eyes of many, Rome - the World) while he was in Judea. Some people believed that this fulfilled the prophecy of the Messiah (One from their country should become governor of the habitable earth). |
| Hellenism and Judaism | |
| First Jewish Revolt | Temple Hasmonean Maccabees rule in Jerusalem |
| Second Jewish Revolt | Destruction of the Jewish state. Jewish Rebellion in the provinces. Second revolt under Bar Kochba who claimed to be Messiah and promised to rebuild temple, but Romans come and destroy them. Final expulsion of the Jews. |
| Third Jewish Revolt | End of Jews in Jerusalem They are expelled |
| Esoteric (Hidden) Tradition | Not all words of Jesus are in the Bible, some were transmitted orally (40 day ministry after resurrection). Allows for special interpretation, which leads to problems of “false” prophets and cannon disputes. the Imperial church ruled that this tradition d |
| Prophets | can there be prophets after Jesus and the apostles? the Imperial church ruled “no” |
| Syncretism with Hellenistic Philosophy | When people started combining the statements from the Bible along with pagan Hellenistic speculations about the nature of God |
| Doctrinal Controversy | Heresy-Most Jews saw Christianity as a Heresy. Christians were ultimately expelled from synagogues. |
| Caesaropapism | Imperial Church- transformation to Christianity as an equal state religion (paganism outlawed). Allowed state expansion, govt control b/c the state decides doctrinal issues and maintains compulsion in religion. Combining State and Church. Allowed expansio |
| Constantine | 324-337. Converts to Christianity and converts the empire. Moves the capitol of Eastern Roman Empire to Constantinople. Established Christian Jerusalem and abolishes pagan temples. 3 |
| Church Councils | early Christians met to vote on church doctrine, resolve issues, eventually ran by bishops and theologians |
| Church Fathers | Intellectuals/theologians who wrote books to explain and defend the church from pagans. Define church doctrine. Educated at Greek universities. Create synthesis of Christian ideas with Hellenistic language, and culture- Hellenization of Christianity. |
| Augustine | Believed in the City of God (church) as separate from the City of Man (state). First proponent of separation of church and state. |
| Patriarchs | 5 patriarchs- Jerusalem, Rome, Alexandria, Antioch, Constantinople. Each patriarch claims to have the apostolic authority from Peter. Therefore, they split into different kinds of Christian groups. |
| Councils | Bishop and church leaders get together to solve church problems- define doctrines, administration, resolve controversies. Members are bishops. Under imperial patronage. Most important councils. |
| Schism | split into. East- Greek Orthodoxy vs. West- Roman Catholicism |
| Greek Orthodoxy | “straight” teachings-- survives in the Eastern Roman Empire, branch of Christianity. |
| Jewish Revolts | 66-70 AD first Jewish Revolt- Temple Falls 70 AD, Fall of Masada 73 AD, Romans besiege Jerusalem, conquer, destroy temple, and sell Jews into slavery. 132-135 AD Second Revolt- Destruction of the Jewish state. Jewish Rebellion in the provinces. Second re |
| Law | Rabbinic Judaism focuses solely on the law. |
| Mysticism | Means different things at different times. |
| Synagogue | center of study and prayer; took the place of the temple. Allows Jewish culture and civilization to survive |
| Constantine (Eastern Roman Empire) | Byzantine Constantine the Great (324-337)- converts to Christianity, which leads to Christianization of Roman Empire and move the capital to new city of Constantinople. Unites Empire. Has dream /vision with symbol of Christ in the sky. |
| Collapse of Rome | Byzantine The following are reasons- political crisis of succession, military decline, economic crisis (taxation, corruption, trade disruption), decrease of civic spirit, decrease of population (plague,…), barbarian invasions (the West was lost but the Ea |
| Caesaropapism | Byzantine United church and state, see above. The idea that the state controls the church -- whoever is in charge of the state controls what the church does. |
| Eastern Christians | Eastern Roman Empire called Byzantine Empire. Eastern territories not overrun by Germanic tribes. Had imperial church. Branches of Christianity included Eastern Orthodox, Coptic, Syriac, Nestorians, Western Roman Catholic, Armenian, Ethiopian |
| Arab conquest | It is the strongest invasion. Arab conquers from Byzantine, Syria, Egypt, and North Africa. Jerusalem turned Muslim |
| Arab sieges Constantinople from 673-678, 718 – | |
| Icons | Sacred images. Can make images of spiritual realities as long as you don’t worship them (veneration acceptable). All cultures have iconography in their art. No Christian Art until Byzantine Era. |
| Dome of Heaven | Dome in church which is symbolized as heaven. The dome has Christ, God, or Mary in the center. 12 apostles and angels around it. All Churches have one. dome represents heaven, decorated with celestial motifs, took on symbolic meaning of heaven. |
| Christ Pantocrator | A specific image of Christ at the top of a dome, represents Jesus having ascended into heaven. |
| Ravenna Mosaics | mosaics showing Christian iconography, especially Melchizedek |
| Hagia Sophia | Justinian’s temple in 6th century, located in Constantinople. It was the largest dome and church in the world for 1000 yrs. Justinian’s famous quote was “Solomon, I have outdone thee”. Biggest church of the byzantine (means holy wisdom in Greek) in Istanb |
| St. Catherine’s Monastery | It is the museum and library which was built in 4-6th century in Egypt at the base of Mount Sinai. It is a monastery in the desert and was turned into a fortress. Contains greatest manuscripts (about 3000 manuscripts). Used to have the Codex sinaiticus. |
| Codex Sinaiticus | They are the oldest surviving complete copy of Bible in Greek and are hand written. Ordered to be written by Constantine. Now in England after being stolen by the Russians. Found in Egypt, after spending some time in Russia. |
| Hand of God iconography | Holy scene with God’s hand shown; signifies His presence in human life |
| Iconography of Jesus (10b-3) | Jesus depicted like the people of each culture. Most have him bearded with robes. Earliest symbols used instead of Jesus were fish, young shepherds, ship and anchor and a peacock. |
| Constantine | “the great”. Sees vision, converts to Christianity. Moves capital to new city of Constantinople. Establishes Christian Jerusalem, destroyed Pagan temples. Continues ban on Jews. |
| Helena | First pilgrim and mother of Constantine, established holy sites, built churches, starts the Christian Pilgrimage to Jerusalem. Discovered “true cross”. |
| Relics | Aspect of Christianization. Holy people have holy force, which gets transferred to place/things touched or owned, as well as tombs, cross. Transfer of Holiness to relics and places. Relics can be transported. |
| Pilgrimage (Easter) | Go to Holy place to receive infusion of Holy power. Based on Bible precedence. Easter - Holy Sepulchre for Christians. Jewish pilgrimage festivals to temple (Passover, Tabernacles, Day of Atonement). There was limited Christian pilgrimage before Constanti |
| Monasticism | Spiritual ideal to live alone face to face with God. You would live in the wilderness and devote life to God and leave distractions such as family (asceticism--sleep, sex, and food deprivation). “Solitary one” Based on Bible ideas, Elijah, John the Bapt |
| Church Building | Built to represent main even in NT. At holy places. |
| Center of the Universe | Jerusalem - most sacred spot. |
| Omphalos | naval of cosmos. |
| Golgotha | where Christ was crucified and where Adam was buried; “place of the skull” |
| Tomb of Adam | where Adam was said to be buried. Gateway to the underworld. Located below Christ’s sepulcher (the Holy Sepulcher). Christ’s blood dripped down and redeemed Adam. |
| Sepulcher | in rotunda of Holy Sepulcher, analogous to Holy of Holies. Site of resurrection and Crucifixion. |
| True Cross | People believe they found the cross where Jesus died and keep a piece of original cross in a church that was built in a place of the temple to Venus that was torn down. |
| Desert Fathers | The Desert Fathers were hermits, ascetics, monks, and nuns (Desert Mothers) who lived mainly in the Scetes desert of Egypt beginning around the third century AD. They practiced monasticism. |
| Ideal of monks | physical deprivation in an attempt to connect with the divine |
| St. Anthony | Founder of Monasticism. monk. Wandered into the wilderness and prayed. People started imitating him. |
| Mar Saba | An ancient monastery on the side of a cliff outside Jerusalem that is still used today. |
| Celsus and the pagan views of Christianity | Greek, c. 180 BC???. Celsus was a pagan Greek philosopher who wrote an early anti-Christian book. It survives only in quotations from Origen, an Egyptian Christian who wrote a response. Celsus believed that Christ’s mother earned her living by spinning, |
| Jerome and the Conflict of Secular and Sacred in early Christianity | Latin, c. 400 AD. Jerome, a great Christian theologian and translator of the Bible into Latin, lived much of his life as a monk in Palestine. Had a vision/dream of meeting the Lord and being punished. the Lord told him not to read secular books but only |
| Augustine's view of the City of God vs. City of Man | Latin, c. 415 AD. Augustine was the greatest of the Latin theologians. His ideas formed the basis for much of Roman Catholicism. This text describes his views on the role of empire in God's cosmic plan. “But the earthly city, which shall not be everla |
| Eusebius and imperial Christianity | Greek, c. 330 AD. Eusebius wrote a biography and several panegyrics to Constantine. This passage describes the cosmic role of the universal empire. |
| Camel and Arab Nomadism | Camels were crucial to Arabian Society. |
| Muhammad | the prophet of Islam from Mecca in Arabia. Orphaned while young. Religious call. Revelation of Koran. |
| Qur'an (Koran) | literal words of God. Supersedes Bible. |
| Mecca | site of Mohammed’s night journey. Location of the Great Mosque and final destination of the Hajj |
| Five Pillars of Islam | -1. believe-God 2. Ritual Prayer- five times daily, facing Mecca. 3. Alms- 2.5% of wealth given to the poor. 4. Fasting- Ramadan. 5. Pilgrimage- |
| Muslim | Islam is monotheistic-Allah is just Arabic for God. Islam accepts biblical prophets-Jesus is a prophet-not the son of God. Jesus is the Messiah but only for the Jews. Don’t believe in the atonement. Religious Tolerance of the “people of the Book”. Muhamma |
| Arabic | Semitic language spoken in the east |
| Shari'a | code of conduct or religious law of Islam (similar to Talmud). Based off of Qur’an and Muhammad’s example |
| Sunni | Islam divided into 2 major sects (Sunnis and Shi’ites)example and teachings of Muhammad, high ethics. After the Prophet’s death those who followed his religious scribes became Sunni. most Muslims are Sunni. “majority. Believed that the caliph should be |
| Shi'ite | after the Prophet’s death, those who believed that the succession should remain in the family followed Mohammud’s son in law Ali. |
| Sufi | Mystic Islam; practice dhikr - repeating the names of God; sometimes ascetic. |
| Ali | Muhammad’s Son in law and cousin and adopted brother. Leader of Shi’ites. |
| Umayyad dynasty | Islamic Empires’ 2nd Major Dynasty (Umayyads and Abbasids). Islamization of Jerusalem. |
| Abbasids | Islamic Empires’ 2 Major Dynasties (Umayyads and Abbasids). Second largest land based Empire in world history after Mongols |
| Turkish Invasions | Turks, Crusaders and Mamluks invaded Muslims. |
| Euro Crusaders | Invaded Mamluks. 1st Crusade- 1096-1101 AD. Conquered Jerusalem -- great massacre. Muslims want to reconquer Jerusalem but are politically divided. |
| Mamluks | Opponents of the Crusaders. Mamluk armies under Ayyubid Turk rulers. Military slaves that rise up and take power. |
| Major Islamic cities (see map) | *identifiy on map - *not needed for test* Cairo, Istanbul, Cordoba, Samarkand, Damascus, Baghdad, Mecca |
| Caliphate | . the idea that after Muhammed dies there are chosen successors to rule and command the islamic community. Continued up through early 20th century. Mix of political and religious power.Similar to the Pope |
| Islamic Science | the idea that Muslims created a civilization that was developed by sciences that included medicine, algebra, astronomy, chemistry, etc. |
| The Qur'an as scripture— | what is scripture? .written by Muhammed, allegedly dictated and taught to him by the angel Gabriel. |
| al-Ghazali and the epistemology of faith | The greatest reformer of mystical orientation (??check me on this...) brought Greek and Quranic ideas together |
| Muhammad’s Ascent (Mi‘rāj) | Muhammad travels to the “farthest mosque”(aka jerusalem) where he leads other prophets in prayer; he then ascends to heaven and speaks with God, who gives him instructions to give to the righteous people on earth, pertaining to the number of times to offe |
| Umar and the conquest of Jerusalem | Umar conquers Jerusalem. Muslim text. Clearing the Temple Mount.upon the arrival of the muslims in Jerusalem the mount had been turned into a virtual dumping ground. |
| Hajj | Sacred ritual done at least once in a lifetime. Pilgrimage to Mecca. Ritual reenactment of the history of the shrine. The sacrifice of Abraham. Ascent of the sacred mountain at the site of Adam and Eve’s prayer. |
| Ka‘ba | Temple built by Abraham. Renewed and purified by Muhammad. Center of the Universe and prayer. First primordial temple. Center of pilgrimage and prayer (circumbambulation for prayer.) It is shaped in a perfect cube as the Holy of Holies in Solomon’s temple |
| Mecca | City in Saudi Arabia. Kaba located at Mecca; holy city, birthplace of Muhammed |
| Black Stone | A meteorite which is thought to be a piece of the throne of God that fell from Heaven. Was a pure crystal and then turned black because of people’s sins. People will go there to touch and kiss it. |
| Ihrām (white robe of consecration) | Used in purification rituals (washings). You would cast off other clothes and put on the white robe. Everybody wearing the Ihram. |
| Kiswa | A ritual veil that covers the Kaba. New veil (kiswa) each year. It is inscribed with the Quran. |
| Muhammad’s Ascent (Mi‘rāj) | Further Mosque where Muhammad ascended up to heaven. Muhammad sleeps at Kaba in Mecca. Gabriel comes and he ascends to heaven, passes tests of angels, meets with prophets and leads them in prayer. Muhammad in Celestial Mosque receives the Quran. |
| Celestial Dome | Has repeating geometric patterns from God in the Domes. They interpreted the site as being the place of the "Night Journey" written of in the Qu'ran, where Muhammad journeyed from Mecca to Jerusalem then into the heavens on a ladder of gold.The dome symbo |
| Mystic Muslim theophany | Manifestation of God to man on earth, mountain or temple. |
| celestial ascent into heaven | Ascent to heaven and vision of God. God in his heavenly temple. Deification - visionary becomes celestial being |
| ecstasy | stand outside of the body. Can not be described. It is like going to Heaven. |
| psychological Modern | psychological experience which mystic thinks is encounter with God. All religious phenomenon are merely psychological phenomenon. |
| contemplation (meaning being with the temple) | , meditation, deep thought and focused attention on a particular idea |
| Merkabah | form of jewish mysticism - scriptures are metaphoric |
| Neoplatonism | mystical ascent of the intellect to union with God |
| Sufism | inner, mystical dimension of Islam |
| Umar | Caliph successor to Muhammad and Leader of Arabs. Sophronius (head of the byzantine church in Jerusalem) surrendered to him if Umar promised city would not be sacked. Umar prays at the door of the Holy Sepulchre church so muslims would not take over Chris |
| Abd al-Malik | Ruler of Ummayad dynasty who Built Dome of the Rock as a shrine. He was the caliph. |
| Dome of the Rock | Built by Abd al-Malik (ruler of Ummayad dynasty). (Finished 680-691) Has 4 gates to go in. Right on top of the Rock of Holy of Holies of Solomon’s Temple. Has mosaics with garden and crown motifs. |
| al-Aqsa | Umar’s Mosque (means furthest away from Mecca)One of the Major monuments of the Umayyad Age built by caliph al-Waleed son of Abd al-Malik. 7 arch doorways into it. Designed for prayer-has Mihrab niche that points toward Mecca. Has a dome too with floral m |
| Return of the Jews | Arabs allowed the Jews to Return under Umar. Allow them to pray at temple mount at Dome of the Rock with the Arabs (eventually banned again). Allowed to build schools and synagogues. Jews built synagogue by the Dome of the Rock in an arch which was blocke |
| Toleration of Christians | Christians allowed to continue in the city and keep the holy sepulchre. Other christians become muslims. |
| Foundation Stone | The rock over which the Dome of the Rock is built |
| Arabesques | complex repeating geometric patterns decorate temples inside and out |
| floral motifs | Symbolize paradise |
| Synagogue | The greek word synagoge means “assembly,” referring to either a congregation or the place where it meets. It is likely that the institution of the synagogue grew from an amalgamation of a place of prayer, a study-house, and a meeting place. It was a well |
| pilgrimage | After the destruction of the temple, Jews maintained the biblical custom of pilgrimage to Jerusalem whenever permitted, in part to mourn its ruin on the ninth day of the Hebrew month of Av - the traditional day on which both the First and Second Temples w |
| Devotional poetry | Throughout the medieval period Jewish poets produced a corpus of original poems, called piyyutim, to be used in synagogue liturgy. Some piyyutim dealt with apocalyptic themes, foreseeing the future when the Messiah would come and rebuild the Temple so the |
| Messianism | The belief that God might raise a messiah-like ruler among the Gentiles to bless Israel and restore the Temple. |
| Attempts to Rebuild the Temple | Cyrus, the Persian king helped rebuild the temple in early 6th century BC. Roman emperors Julian and Khusraw facilitated Jewish attempts to rebuild the Temple. In the 6 centuries between the destruction of the Temple by the Romans and the Arab conquest of |
| Bar Kochba | Second Jewish revolt under Bar Kochba. He claimed to be the Messiah. Promised to rebuild the temple but Romans come and destroy them . Final expulsion of the Jews. |
| Julian the Apostate. | tried to restore Paganism and undermine Christianity |
| Eschatology | study of the last days |
| Kabbalah | School concerned with the mystical aspect of Rabbinic Judaism. Form of mysticism. Means “tradition” in Hebrew |
| Shabbetai Tzevi | Claimed to be the Messiah- founder of Jewish Sabbatean movement but then converted to Islam. Most successful messianic claimant lived in the Ottoman empire. When his life was threatened he caved to Islam. |
| Diaspora | the scattering of the Jews outside of Judea |
| Talmud | Interpretation of the Hebrew Bible with a focus on the laws it promotes |
| Khazars | Turkish nomadic tribe. Elites convert to Judaism. Great trading centers. Rebuilding of the Tabernacle or Moses. Imported silk from China and they get rich because they control the borders. |
| Spain | Golden age in Spain (900-1300) Lots of scholarship and exchange of ideas and language was Arabic. |
| Maimonides | Most important scholar of Jewish culture. Born and educated in Spain. Flees Reconquista wars to Morocco. Comes from Great wealthy merchant family. Became scholar and physician to the Ayyubids (Dynasty that fought crusaders). Wrote in Arabic. |
| Cairo Genizah | (Not on the test) Collection of Documents written from 11th-13th centuries found in the Genizah or storeroom of the Ben Ezra Synagogue in Cairo. Religious, social, and economic documents. Discovered in 1890. Now in Cambridge. Documents were stored because |
| Kabbalah | Discipline that seeks to explain the the secret meaning of the Torah. |
| Shabbetai Tzevi | Proclaimed himself as the Messiah. He was a kabbalist. Agitation throughout Jewish world because many believed him. Later converts to Islam because Muslims ask him to choose between death or conversion to Islam. |
| Germanic Invasions and Kingdoms | German tribes migrate and conquer the Western Roman Empire. Byzantines survive in the east. |
| Six Euro Political Zones | France, Iberia, Germany, Italy, England, Scandinavia |
| Charlemagne | the Holy Roman Emperor who tries to reunite Europe under his empire, but fails. |
| Carolingian Renaissance | About preserving Latin Culture. Dissolution of the Carolingian Empire under Charlemagne’s sons and grandsons. Attempt at cultural renewal; made copies of writings of ancient Romans. Remains as Holy Roman Empire. |
| Vikings | Conquered/plundered England Ireland and France; eventually given own land in Northern France (Normandy) |
| Euro Fragmentation | After the fall of Rome, a lot of different countries form as a result western Europe. Begins with the fall of Rome and German invasions, continues today. Charlemagne tried to unify these nations to restore Rome’s greatness. |
| Reconquista | .Taking Spain back from the Muslims |
| Mercantile States | a remarkable characteristics of Italy in Middle Ages- its strength of Italian cities, industry, and trade from the Orient to Europe |
| Venice | a greatest maritime city-state, among Genoa, Pisa, and others. A massive and beautiful city, with great merchants like Marco Polo traveled around the entire Old World |
| Normans | descendants of the Vikings, the leaders of the military expansion of Europe, conquering England (William the Conqueror – duke of Normandy in France), southern Italy, playing a major role in the Crusaders, and nearly conquering the Byzantine empire. |
| Expansionism | Military expansionism of the West. Spain, Eastern Europe, Baltic, Crusades. |
| Crusades | Christian warfare against the Muslims, a mixture of pilgrimage and holy war. The goal was to capture Jerusalem and other holy places in Palestine from the Muslims. |
| Feudalism | Division of political power. Militarization of country. Warlords provided maximum manpower for defense at the local level, with minimal control from higher central authorities. |
| Papacy | a Christian idea that kingship was divinely ordained; the monarchical power was shared, interpreted by the king and the pope, God’s representative on earth. |
| Monasticism | an attempt by individuals to completely abandon worldly life and devote themselves entirely to the quest for perfection through the worship and service of God, e.g., monks with 3 oaths- poverty, chastity, and obedience, they just prayed and worked (teach, |
| Christendom | Unite whose essential characteristic is Christianity. Fusion of Latin/Roman and Germanic peoples through Christianization. Most successful institution in Western History. Latin language used. Split of the Roman Empire. Conversion of the slavs; schism betw |
| Scholasticism | The culmination of the medieval intellectual revolution- the revelation of the scriptures and teachings of the Church are conceptually superior to, but ultimately compatible with, human reason and logic. The balance of Faith and Reason |
| Thomas Aquinas | Thought truth and Reason are compatible. Wrote book on theology. Greatest practitioner of Scholasticism. |
| Dante | author of the outstanding literary work of the Middle Ages poem Divine Comedy |
| Cathedral | the Gothic style- pointed arches, flying buttresses, huge columns, ribbed domes, gothic sculpture, and vast stained-glass windows. Had spires, cross shaped, monumental gates, stained glass, rosettes. |
| Euro Sacred Symbols | Western Europe Cathedrals |
| Euro Social Three orders | all of the classes contributed to the cathedral system. Priests(pray), Knights(fight), Workers(work) |
| Cathedral | A space created for stained glass, seat of bishop or arch bishop, tells story of cosmos. Statues of biblical figures and saints represent all of sacred history. Becomes the new “temple” |
| Chartres | Cathedral in France. Royal Portal. Has Butresses (Arches sticking out of walls), cruciform shape, rosettes, stained glass and stone. |
| Monumental Gates | located on three sides Create sacred space |
| Stained glass | Create sacred space |
| Veneration of Mary | Presentation. Mary coronated in Heaven. Angels surrounding Mary. Mary with crown and Holy Ghost on top. Crowned because she gave birth to and raised Christ. Adoration of Mary develops as a part of Christianity |
| Labyrinth | place on the floor of the church which lead to the altar. “mystical path of the soul”. Represents pilgrimage of soul back to the presence of God. Based on Greek Legends. |
| “Scripture of the illiterate” | ART most people were illiterate and so they learned about biblical history/stories through art/pictures. Bible stories retold in art. |
| Stained glass | Mosaics to glass. Luminescence. A cloak of Gems. |
| art as sacred history | Fundamentally religious, shifting patronage. New Testament narrative art. To Transmit knowledge. To teach and draw near to God. |
| Jerusalem as Center of the World | Crusaders and Jews thought Jerusalem was center of the World, the most holy place. Muslims thought mecca was the center of the world. |
| Holy War | war based on religious principles, authorized by God. (contrasted to “just war”).Muslims and Crusaders both believed in engaging in Holy war. Holy War is always a just war. |
| Jerusalem as international city | Financially important because of trade routes to Europe, Africa, Central Asia, China and India. Was Ethnically varied. Politically-greatest wars of the era were over Jerusalem. Pilgrimage- Many or all wanted to go on pilgrimage to Jerusalem. |
| Tomb of Mary | Catholics think she didn’t die, only fell in a type of sleep and then ascended up to heaven. Kings are buried in Holy Sepulcher and Queens are buried in St. Mary’s Tomb. |
| Easter Pilgrimage | Easter worship at Holy Sepulcher as supreme pilgrimage |
| Holy Fire/Light | called holy fire by Greeks, holy light phen key easter ritual done in the holy sepulchre. Spread and share one’s light with others. Originated with Byzantines |
| Templars | Combine knighthood and monasticism. As monks wore white Robes with Red crosses. Were warriors too. Some were hard-fighting crusaders, others were guardians of secret knowledge. People claim to be descendants of surviving group of Templars. They trace thei |
| Saladin and the reconquest | Muslim ruler who is responding to the crusades taking Jerusalem back from the Christan Crusaders. Fatmid Sultan. Drives crusaders out of Jerusalem, Ruled by Muslims till the 20th Century. |
| 3rd Crusade | this is what Richard Lionheart went on. Met up with and had a checkmate situation with Saladin. Muslims ended up winning in this crusade, sending the crusaders home |
| Richard Lionheart | Ruler of England and Crusader King. Captured and ransomed by the Franks on his way home to England. Younger Brother Prince John ruled England in his absence. Major opponent of Saladin. failed to reconquer Jerusalem from Saladin; if it helps you, remember |
| Mongols | Central Asian nomads who conquer the near east. Eventually they lose out to the turks. Different ethnic groups but very similar. French and Italian - Mongols and turks. famous for their horseback riding |
| Impact of the Crusades | Crusaders restored Byzantine Churches which are now major Christian sites. Crusaders used Greek artists to paint their frescoes and for their art. |
| Thomas Aquinas | French Philosopher who makes argument for the Existence of God. Scholasticism. Greatest medieval theologian and philosopher (important to remember!) |
| Sack of Jerusalem by Crusaders | Great massacre in conquering of jerusalem told by the Crusaders. Christian pilgrims and emigrants Christianize the city. |
| Dome of the Rock as a Christian church (Templars) | while the Templars were in Jerusalem, they set up their main “fort” near here at the Dome of the Rock as they tried taking back Jerusalem from the Muslims. Used Antonia’s Fortress as well. Tried to bring Christianity back to Jerusalem. |
| Steppe | The most important geographic and climatic strip in Central Eurasia. Serves as a natural line of communication linking China to the east, the Near East to the southwest, India to the southeast and Europe to the west. long cold and limited rainfall winters |
| Mounted archery | Primary weapon of central Eurasian nomads. Gave them tremendous military advantage of superior mobility and firepower over the sedentarists.part of the military system of the nomads. “All males serve as mounted horse archers.” Can move faster and further |
| Scythians | 800BCE--200CE. Raided into Israel and Judea in the 7th century (Ashkenaz -- Genesis) Defetead the Medes in 614 initiating a 28 year period of widespread raids throughout the Near East to the borders of Egypt. Participated as allies to the Medes and Babyl |
| Huns | nomadic people that migrated into Europe in 370 AD and built up an enormous empire there |
| Attila | ruler of the Huns from 434 until his death in 453; his empire stretched from Germany to the Ural River and from the Danube River to the Baltic Sea |
| Collapse of the Huns | They divided into 2 factions remaining simply as minor tribes among the Germanic, Slavic and Turkic peoples in the East Europe. Threatened Constantinople but were driven off. Conquered and absorbed by the Avars. Empire collapsed after the death of Attila. |
| Turks as military aristocracies | Military skills paralleled to the use of German mercenaries by the Romans. Enlisted in Arab armies and rose to positions of prominence. Usurped authority within Muslim world and established independent dynasties. Were in control of nearly the entire Near |
| 800 years (mamluks, ottomans, moguls) | |
| Turkish sedentary states | 5 Turkish sedentary states (sultanate of Delhi, Mamluks, Ottomans, Safavids, Moghuls). |
| Nomad Economy | Herd 5+ horses and dozens of sheep per family (at least); extensive pastures Trade was natural because they moved around a lot and had many horses to carry things Raiding was also natural for them |
| Shamanism | Nomadic religion of Central Eurasia. Concept of shamanism is animism, that all elements of nature- plants, animals and stones are imbued with a spiritual essence of power. worship of sky, nature spirits, animals. Shaman as priest, prophet, doctor, magicia |
| Tent Shrines | Nomadic religion-tent shrines (tabernacle) where they would put images of God. Resembled tabernacle of Moses. Is Mobile. |
| Gengis (Chinggis) Khan | United all mongol tribes. Half of Asia and today’s Middle East (at its height in 1200-something). |
| Mongol World Empire | Almost made it to Jerusalem but was stopped by Mamluks of Egypt. Links central Asian trade routes. Technology (gunpower and printing) is transmited by the Mongol Empire’s trade routes . |
| Secret History of the Mongols | Turkish military aristocracies rule Jerusalem for 700 years. |
| Tengri (High God) | the supreme god of the mongols, god of the sky. One of our readings displays Tengri giving Ghengis Khan rule over the world. |
| Gunpowder and the Fall of the Central Asian Nomads | Gunpowder weapons allowed sedentary armies to defeat nomads. Causes of collapse - Rise of gunpowder empires, fortifications, economic collapse of central Asia nomadic confederations, shift from silk road to Ocean Trade. Gunpowder weapons invented in China |
| World Trade | routes New Sea routes are discovered because land routes to China were dangerous. Columbus looking for new sea route to China causes him to find America. |
| Nomads and Jerusalem | Jerusalem is on the fringe of the Arabian desert and steppe. Steppe country within a mile east of Jerusalem. Bedouins remain in Judean wilderness until today. Israelites were the first nomads- 40 years in wilderness. Scythians raided into Israel and Judea |
| Muslim Legends of the Temple Mount | The Temple of Jerusalem was a splendid shrine dedicated to the worship of the true God. It was a “house of prayer” in which the Israelites would not cease to remember God. Muslims believed that the apostasy of the Jews, however, brought about its eventual |
| Sufism | a form of Islamic mysticism in which the believer attempts to attain direct communication with and knowledge of God through renunciation of the world and the “annihilation” of the self through various mystical paths, beliefs, and practices |
| Avicenna (ascent to celestial temple) | Persian philosopher who interprets Muhammad’s ascent as an allegory of the ascent of man’s intellect to a knowledge of God through study/contemplation |
| Temple in Sufi parables (Rumi) | teaches that the real Temple of God is in the heart. |
| Muslim building program on the Temple Mount | Western wall was designed for Jewish worship, Also because the Jews had and christians had not built on the temple mount when Omar came to Jerusalem in 600’s, the muslims built on the mount where Solomon’s temple had once stood. Muslims have the Dome of t |
| Mamluk Military System | captured military slaves who were excellent soldiers (mounted archery). Eventually they defeated the Mongols and were set free (Crusades). |
| - Military slaves (little boys who were kidnapped to be put in the military), excellent soldiers (mounted archery), coup in Egypt, defeated the Mongols (Ayn Jalut [1260], Hims [1281]. Save Jerusalem from the Mongols), defeated the Crusaders. Considered a | |
| Mamluk Dynasty Strict enforcement of Islam | Islamic law, scholarship. Helped them gain legitimacy. |
| Mamluk’s patronage of Jerusalem | (on powerpoint--Mamluk Jerusalem map) everything in color is something that the Mamluks built. Most of the buildings we see today are from the ~. Built lots of buildings. |
| Haram al-Sharif | “Noble Sanctuary” Mamluk Temple Mount. Muslims thought it was the place of Solomon’s temple. Buildings were built around it to beautify it. Muslims believe in a Celestial temple. |
| Gates | Bab al-Hadid (Iron Gate). Fancy gate to put architectural features on, etc. There are six gateways in and most of these date from the Mamluks. Could be decorated with floral motifs. Gate at Temple Mount. Golden Gate- Gate of Mercy. Gate of the day of judg |
| Madrasa | Place of study. Schools. Learn how to read and write and learn about Qur’an. Jerusalem as a center of Islamic scholarship. Place where imams, judges, scholars, teachers, sufis, scribes, bureaucrats were trained. |
| Mujir al-Din | (Pulpit where sermons could be lead from. Raised platform so a person could be seen and heard, also add beauty to the surroundings) Sufi and scholar who wrote book of Medieval Jerusalem (Fada il al-Quds). Famous Historian that wrote about Muslim Jerusalem |
| Sufism | “Islamic mysticism” -main purpose is to draw as close to God as possible while in human state. Asceticism (allowed to be married, but fasted, prayed, etc, a lot). Meditation (read the Qur’an and ponder, thinking about God and what it all means). Esoteric |
| Minaret | A tower where someone goes up and calls to everyone that it’s time to pray |
| Arcades | Associated with Colonnades (Creates shaded area where people can walk, teach, etc, in the shade. Jesus would have taught in places like these). Sequence of arches and several of these surround the Dome of the Rock. |
| Domed Shrines | Qubbat al-Nabi -- Where Muhammad gave sermons before he ascended into the heavens. Memorials or Holy events happened here. |
| Qait Bey | fountains that provide water for drinking and certain prayers. Looks like the Domed Shrines, but more practical for its use. Public works for the water supply. |
| Franciscans | Western European Monks; not war-like, so allowed to live in Jerusalem as caretakers by Mamluks; their patronage of Jerusalem continues today |
| Dome of the Rock as the Temple in Western Art | the development of printing allowed mass reproduction/distribution of plans & drawing of the Temple. From the 16th-18th centuries, dozens of different renderings were published, often in Bibles printed in vernacular languages that were widely accessible |
| St. Peter’s Cathedral as temple | Reconstruction was completed by 1590 over the traditional site of Peter’s tomb. It combined classical elements with new innovative architectural techniques. It preserved and reintroduced many motifs of the ancient biblical Temple. |
| Esoteric Temple .Lots of different mystical groups create a concept of the temple that transforms the idea of the temple. Freemasons and such. | |
| Solomon the Magician | Said to have power to exorcise and control demons to help construct the Temple, then they were sealed inside vessels that were buried under the Temple. |
| Queen of Sheba | Queen of Ethiopia. Had a son with Solomon named David Menyelek. |
| David Menyelek | King of Ethiopia. Son of Solomon and Queen of Sheba; Ethiopian. Allegedly Brought the Ark back to Ethiopia and established rich Judaism. Important source for Christianity in Ethiopia. |
| Ethiopian Ark of the Covenant legend | Apostasy of Israelites, therefore the ark of the Covenant was ordered by God to be taken to Ethiopia. |
| Military Revolution | Decline of the feudal military aristocracy; gunpowder weapons, volley fire, professional standing army, siege craft, naval innovations; GUNPOWDER! Europeans have a better military system which allows them to colonize stuff. |
| International Maritime Trade | Europe cut out the Arab middle man of trade |
| European Expansionism | Extremely belligerent and militaristic nobility; gold, glory, and God; Christian missionary expansionism; Medieval Holy War (Crusades, Reconquest of Spain, etc.); Italian trading cities; Portuguese and Spanish search for Asian sea trade route. Thought of |
| Renaissance | Rediscovery of ancient Greek and Latin learning. Printing, Renaissance, Reformation - all part of the Intellectual revolution. |
| Printing | movable type, allowed for increased distribution of books, spread of ideas |
| Reformation | religious tolerance becomes a necessity |
| Axum | important trading zone in Ethiopia; its king, Ezana, converts to Christianity. Link between Ethiopia and Jerusalem. Ark of the Covenant is supposedly in this area. |
| Ark of the Covenant | Ethiopians claim it was brought to a church in Ethiopia and is still there today. |
| Lalibela | city built by an Ethiopian king, claimed to be the New Jerusalem as they attempted to recreate the true Jerusalem there. Lalibela was an Ethiopian king that built city of New Jerusalem. Rock cut churches in the city to recreate the real Jerusalem. |
| Debre Damo | Monastery in Ethiopiaon a completely unclimbable mountain, completely isolated |
| Falasha | Ethiopian Jews; non-Talmudic meaning they don’t have the Talmud ( interpretation of the law). This means that the Falasha Jews probably split from the main body of Jews (fled to Egypt) before the fall of Jerusalem to the Babylonians (1st Diaspora). Poor a |
| Ethiopian Jerualem | Lalibela rock-cut churches, attempt to reconstruct Jerusalem in Ethiopia by the king. |
| Western Wall | Defines boundaries of temple wall -- biggest outcrop that shows where the temple was. Built by Herod in 19BC, destroyed by the Romans in 70AD (Jews forbidden to leave or worship in Jerusalem). Muslim allowed the return of the Jews. Jews began to mourn los |
| Ottomans | ruled Jerusalem for about 400 years. Ruled longer than any other conquerors. Lasted through 1917. |
| Suleyman (Arabic for “Solomon”) the Magnificent | 1520-1566. Height of power (Golden Age) of Ottoman Empire. Restoration of Jerusalem (walls, fountains, temple mount) |
| Economic and Political decline of Jerusalem | Shifting/changing trade routes, Jews migrating to Ottoman empire but not to Jerusalem, local eastern Christian population. Some Jews living in Jerusalem but they are very poor. Pilgrimage still done but there was some decline. |
| Nineteenth century | The “Sick Man” of Europe -The Ottoman Empire was called “The Sick Man of Europe”. Imperialist European competition to dismantle Ottoman Empire. Mark Twain, Orson Hyde |
| Zionist movement | Jews having the desire to return to Jerusalem and create a Jewish state there. Generally, they have always wanted to migrate back (“so in a sense, this is nothing new”). So what’s new about this? The desire for the Jewish state. |
| World War I | British conquest of Jerusalem 1917 (England rules after World War I) - Balfour Declaration. Britain did not want a Jewish State. They do permit Jewish immigration. |
| British Mandate {1917-1948} | Said that Jews could come back, but they didn’t want the Jews to make a state out of it because it was their property, so to speak. |
| Holocaust | Anti-Semitism. Massive German persecution and execution of Jews. European Jews leave and go to America or Israel. |
| Jewish Aliya (“Ascent” - immigration to Israel) | massive immigration after WWII |
| Arab | Israeli conflict - Tensions arise in the early 20th century- Immigration of Jews vs. Jewish state (conflict between Jews and Palestinians...Arabs)- War 1948 -happened between the Jews and the Palestinians because of the UN divide. |
| “Eschatological” | study of the last days |
| Contemporary Political Struggle | Arab vs. Israeli struggle. Which one will rule the state? Viewed as a cosmic struggle. |
| Book of Revelation | Gives eschatological discriptions of events leading to the end of the world/ Last days. John the revelator and the 7 trumps of angels. |
| Later Esch. Traditions | Jewish, Christian, Muslim. |
| Orson Hyde Dedication Prayer | 1842 (reference BB reading). He went to the Holy Land around 1842 and gave dedication prayer which mentions something about the return of the Jews to Jerusalem. |
| Israeli Third Temple Movements | Want the Dome of the Rock gone in order to rebuild the Third Temple. One view is that the Jews must build the new temple so the Messiah can return, or that the Messiah returns and the temple is then rebuilt. Very different views! |
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