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WC ch 11 EA
EA Williams ch 11
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| social mobility | ability to move up in social class |
| arabesque | an intricate design composed of curved lines that suggest floral shapes, appeared in rugs, textiles, and glassware. |
| calligraphy | the art of beautiful handwriting |
| sultanate | land ruled by a sultan |
| castes | social groups from which they could not change |
| rajahs | local Hindu rulers |
| camel caravans | "ships of the desert" crossed the Sahara into West Africa. Muslim traders used the silk road and Monsoon winds to bring them to East Africa and India. |
| sakk | get the word check from. Muslims created a check system. |
| why did the muslim invaders triumph? | they won battlefield in part because Muslim mounted archers had far greater mobility that Hindu forces, who rode slow-moving war elephants |
| caliph | successor to Muhammad, ” leader of the Islamic community |
| Sunni | majority of the Islamic world, accepted the historical succession of the caliphs |
| Shi ’ ite | minority of the Islamic world, rejects the historical succession of the caliphs, believe that Ali (cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad) should have been the caliph after Muhammad |
| vizier | position created by Abbasid caliph Al-Rashid to run the government |
| mihrab | niche in the wall of a mosque indicating the direction of Mecca |
| umma | the Muslim community, connected by faith |
| Dar al-Islam | lands under Muslim rule |
| hadith | the tradition relating to what Muhammad said |
| sira | biography of Muhammad |
| fiqh | study and application of Muslim law |
| sharia | Muslim law, rules and regulations that govern Muslim daily life |
| 570 | Birth of Muhammad |
| 610 | First Revelation of Muhammad: the angel Gabriel speaks to Muhammad and gives messages to him from God (Allah,) these messages and many others become part of the Quran (the holy book for Muslims) |
| 632 | Muhammad dies, question of who will rule in his place? |
| 632-661 | rule of the Rightly Guided Caliphs (all men who received the messages from Muhammad himself): Note: There was disagreement among the Muslims as to who should rightfully succeed Muhammad. Those who disputed the actual order of succession, and w |
| 661 | Umayyad leader, Muawiya and relation to Uthman became caliph after Ali’s murder. Founding of the Umayyad dynasty- the dynasty that rules before the Abbasids and is based in Damascus, Syria. The Umayyads are Sunni Muslims |
| 750 | Abu al-Abbas (declared the new caliph after battle with Umayyads) Founding of the Abbasid Dynasty, based in Baghdad (these rulers are Shi’ites) |
| 756 | Cordoba Emirate founded in Spain |
| 786-809 | Harun al-Rashid rules, peak of the Abbasid caliphate |
| 800 | Charlemagne crowned Holy Roman Emperor, beginning of the Carolingian Empire in Europe |
| 813 | Al-Mamun begins caliphate |
| 830 | House of Wisdom established |
| 836 | Samarra becomes the Abbasid capital |
| 892 | Baghdad becomes the Abbasid capital again |
| 945 | Buyids (tribe from the Caspian Sea in Western Persia who were also Shi’ite) invaded Baghdad and made caliph their puppet ruler |
| 1055 | Seljuk Turks capture Baghdad keep Abbasid caliph as puppet ruler (think client king) and head of the umma |
| 1095 | Pope Urban II calls for European Christians to fight for the Holy Land in control of Muslims, this begins the Crusades |
| 1258 | Mongols capture Baghdad, the last Abbasid caliph trampled to death by horsemen and the city was destroyed, |
| HOUSE OF WISDOM (Bayt al-Hikma | In order to facilitate the spread of Mu'tazilite teaching, al-Ma'munestablished a university, the House of Wisdom (Bayt al-Hikma ). |
| 1450 | GUTTENBERG INVENTS PRINTING PRSS WITH MOVABLE TYPE - PROVIDES WIDESPREAD ACCESS TO LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC WORKS |
| Islam | Arabic word meaning "the act of submitting, or giving oneself over, to the will of God." |
| Bedouins | 1) herders who roamed the desert in search of grass and water for their camels, goats, and sheep. 2) lived in tents woven from camel or goat hair. |
| Allah | Arabic word meaning "the God" |
| Koran | Muslim scriptures |
| Muhammad | 1) died in 632. 2) prophet of Allah |
| revelation | a vision |
| pilgrims | travelers to a religious shrine |
| Hajj | journey to Mecca |
| Pillars of Faith | 1) they were: give charity, pilgrimage to Mecca, , fasting during Ramadan, pray 5 times per day in the direction of Mecca. |
| mosque | Muslim house of worship |
| Allah | Muslim name for god |
| Omar Khayyam | Persian poet "Ruba' yat" |
| Friday | Islamic day of worship |
| Asia | continent with highest number of Muslims |
| Golden Age of Islam | first 100 years of Abbasid Rule |
| Zakah | charity |
| Islam | submitting to the will of god |
| Rightly Guided Rule | first 4 caliphs after Muhammad's death |
| Muslims | people who practice Islam |
| Abbasids | 1) built a new capital called Baghdad. 2) ruled Arab Empire from 750 to 1258. 3) created the government post of vizier. |
| vizier | chief adviser |
| alchemists | scientists who try to turn metals into gold and silver |
| caliph | Muslim ruler |
| Umayyads | 1) ruled more like kings than religious leaders. 2) made Arabic the official language. |
| jihad | struggle with god |
| Hadith | sayings of Muhammad |
| Mecca | an oasis town that became a pilgrimage center to Muslims |
| Bedouins | name for Nomadic herders who used camels to cross the desert |
| Kaaba | an ancient shrine that Muslims believe was built by Abraham that housed many idols |
| Khadija | a wealthy widow who ran a prosperous Caravan business, Muhammad's wife, first Islamic convert |
| Quran | the sacred text of Islam |
| Abu Bakr | first caliph and an early convert to Islam. Khadija's father |
| Fatima and Ali | Muhammad's daughter and son in law |
| Sufi | Muslims who sought communion w/ God through meditation, fasting, and other rituals |
| Umayyads | a family set up a dynasty that ruled the Islamic world |
| Harun al-Rashid | ruled under the golden age of Baghdad |
| Tamerlane | a Mongol leader who conquered lands in the Middle East |
| Sinan | was a royal architect. He designed hundreds of Mosques and palaces |
| Isfahan | a center of the international silk trade |
| millet | religious communities |
| janizaries | elite force of the Ottoman army |
| Shah | king |
| Sikhism | a new religion in northern India |
| Babur | he claimed descent from Genghiz Khan and Tamerlane |
| Mughal | the Persian word for Mongol |
| Nur Jahan | Jahangir's wife. |
| Taj Mahal | a stunning tomb built for Mumtaz Mahal. Persian style with spectacular white domes and graceful minarets. |
| Omar Khayyam | famous Muslim scholar and astronomer. Wrote the Rubaiyat |
| Averroes | a philosopher also named, Ibn Rushd. Put all information except the Koran to the test of reason. |
| Muhammad al Razi | the head physician at Baghdad |
| Avicenna | Ibn Sina, a Persian physician that wrote the Canon on Medicine |
| oasis | fertile area in a desert |
| monotheistic | belief in one god |
| hijra | Muhammad's journey to Mecca |
| Muhammad's vision | the angel Abraham came to Muhammad calling on him to be a messenger of God |
| Mosques | houses of worship. masjids |
| hajj | pilgrimage to Mecca |
| caliph | sucessor to Muhammad |
| minarets | slender towers of mosques |
| muezzin | mosque official |
| sultan | authority |
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