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AP U4 Terms
Brock AP U4 Terms
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 1. absolutism | 1. A political theory that states all power should be held by one ruler |
| 2. revolution | 2. The overthrowing of 1 government and the replacement of it, by another |
| 3. democracy | 3. Government by people, represented by them or by elected representatives |
| 4. mercantilism | 4. The practice of merchants; commercialism |
| 5. feudalism | 5. A political and economical system; relation of a vassal and its lord is characterized by homage and protection |
| 6. aristocracy | 6. The upper, noble and rich class |
| 7. middle class | 7. Between the upper and lower, they often face a stagnant economy, some education |
| 8. secular | 8. Not bound by any religious faction |
| 9. diplomatic | 9. An arbitrator between 2 or more groups |
| 14. colonization | 14. The act of acquiring nations for the benefit of the mother nation’s economy |
| 16. imperialism | 16. A policy of extending a nation’s powers through diplomacy or military practice |
| 17. economic exploitation | 17. The misuse, taking advantage of another, often more beneficial economy |
| 18. Enlightenment | 18. The use of reason to scrutinize humanitarian reforms |
| 19. unification | 19. The joining of two or more groups |
| 20. industrialization | 20. The growing or birth of production |
| 21. imperialism | 21. A policy of extending a nation’s powers through diplomacy or military practice |
| 22. Western Hemisphere | 22. Often known as Western Europe or USA |
| 23. nationalism | 23. Devotion to the culture of a nation |
| 24. eugenics | 24. The study of heredity improvement of the human race controlled by selective breeding |
| 25. ethnocentrism | 25. Belief in one’s ethnic superiority |
| 26. Social Darwinism | 26. The belief that one achieves more than others by genetic or biological superiority |
| 27. White Man’s Burden/Rudyard Kipling | 27. The belief that god asked Caucasians to enslave or take responsibility of the colored |
| 28. Middle Kingdom | 28. China |
| 30. urbanization | 30. The change from rural to urban lifestyle |
| 33. raw materials | 33. Unfinished products, at its first stage |
| 34. Atlantic World | 34. The water ways, between continents |
| 35. plantation system | 35. The use of cotton gins and slaves for production |
| 36. Monroe Doctrine | 36. The proclamation that prevented European nations from colonizing in the Americas |
| 38. capital | 38. The initial amount of money to start a business |
| 39. Ottoman Empire | 39. Modern Day Turkey |
| 40. domestic/putting out system | 40. Working on pieces of a product at home and the finalizing and selling them in the marketplace |
| 41. Tanzimat Reforms | 41. Reorganization in the Ottoman Empire |
| 42. extraterritoriality | 42. Diplomatic jurisdiction, exempted from local jurisdiction |
| 43. Suez Canal | 43. Canal invested in by the US, located in Egypt |
| 44. Qing China | 44. The last Chinese dynasty |
| 45. Opium War | 45. The war that led Western imperialism in China |
| 47. serfdom | 47. A person in bondage or servitude |
| 51. Capitalism: | derived from earlier European economic practices (Feudalism, Imperialism, Mercantilism). Capitalism is widely considered to be the dominant economic system in the world. There is continuing debate over the definition, nature, and scope of this system. |
| 52. Enclosure movement: | During the Industrial Revolution, it was the consolidation of many small farms into one large farm, which created a labor force as many people lost their homes |
| 53. Second Agricultural Revolution: | A period of technological change from the 1600s to mid1900s beginning in Western Europe, beginning with preindustrial improvements like crop rotation and better horse collars |
| 56. Protestant work ethic: | a value system that stresses the moral value of work, selfdiscipline, and individual responsibility as the means to improving one's economic well being; important in the industrial revolution because of its stress in hard work, etc. |
| 57. Wealth of Nations/Adam Smith: | published in 1776. His most famous concept was that markets guide economic activity and act like an "invisible hand" allocating resources through prices, which rise when there is a shortage of a commodity and fall when it is plentiful. |
| 58. Laissez faire capitalism: | French phrase meaning idiomatically "leave to do, leave to pass" or more accurately "let things alone, let them pass". First used by the eighteenth century Physiocrats as an injunction against government interference with trade, it is now used as a synony |
| 59. Bessemer Process: | Process of rendering cast iron malleable by the introduction of air into the fluid metal to remove carbon. This was the first process for mass produce steel |
| 60. Factory system: | a method of manufacturing adopted in England during the Industrial Revolution. Workers would come to work in a city factory, often making lowquality goods in mass amounts. The method prior to the introduction of factories was the domestic system. |
| 61. Interchangeable parts: | important for the industrial revolution because it signified the ability to change parts of products comparatively easier than before |
| 62. Assembly Line | a manufacturing process in which interchangeable parts are added to a product in a sequential manner to create an end product. |
| 63. Transportation revolution: | included greatly improved roads, the development of canals, and the invention of the steamboat and railroad. Shipping costs were lowered as much as 90 percent in this era, which gave a big boost to trade and the settlement of new areas of land. |
| 64. Proletariat: | new class of factory workers that emerged as a result of the industrial revolution |
| 66. Labor unions: | A union is a group of workers who act collectively to address common issues; emerged at the end of the IR |
| 67. Communist Manifesto/Karl Marx: | document relating proletariat with the IR, proletariat should overthrow bourgeoisie , roots of communism |
| 70. monoculture: | agriculture based on only one crop; resulted in many European colonies in the 18001900 because of mercantilism |
| 71. “Banana Republic”: | a small country (especially in Central America) that is politically unstable and whose economy is dominated monoculture because of European mercantilism |
| 72. popular consumption: | goods that are consumed by a large percentage of the population around the IR, such as textiles |
| 73. entrepreneurship: | significant to the IR because entrepreneurs are who help begin the IR |
| 75. Meiji Restoration: | a chain of events that led to a change in Japan's political and social structure. It occurred from 1866 to 1869, a period of 4 years that transverses both the late Edo (often called Late Tokugawa shogunate) and beginning of the Meiji Era. Probably the mos |
| 76. zaibatsu: | Huge industrial combines created in Japan in the 1890s as part of the process of industrialization |
| 77. textile mills: | a factory for making textiles, one of the 1st major industries during the IR |
| 79. suffrage: | voting rights; |
| 81. cotton gin/ | a machine invented in 1793 invented by American Eli Whitney (granted a patent on March 14, 1794) to mechanize the production of cotton fiber. Led to increase of Atlantic Slave Trade |
| 85. push factors: | conditions in a location or region that encourage people to migrate from it |
| 86. pull factors: | attract an organization towards a new location, eg the availability of cheap skilled labor. |
| 87. settler colonies: | colonies with, you guessed it, settlers |
| 88. pogroms: | is a massive violent attack on a particular ethnic or religious group with simultaneous destruction of their environment (homes, businesses, religious centers). The term has historically been used to denote massive acts of violence, either spontaneous or |
| 89. Islamic slave trade: | continued slave trade on the west coast of Africa |
| 90. Liberia: | country founded by freed American slaves |
| 92. infant mortality rates: | number of babies per 1000 who die at birth |
| 94. Louis Pasteur: | creator of germ theory and pasteurization led to improved health |
| 99. cholera/tuberculosis: | various diseases that spread through urban eras during the IR |
| 101. Victorian Age | the era of Britain’s industrial revolution and Queen Victoria’s reign from 1837 to 1901 |
| 102. social mobility | the ability of an individual to change his/her social status |
| 103. abolitionists | supporters of ending slavery |
| 104. emancipation of Russian serfs | edict issued in 1861 by Alexander II |
| 105. cult of domesticity | American view that preached women’s role was in the house taking care of the children |
| 106. temperance | a movement to moderate and lessen alcohol consumption |
| 107. constitutional monarchy | a monarchy whose power is defined and limited by a constitution (defines monarch as head of state) |
| 108. John Locke | English philosopher who argued that the government’s power came from the people and that revolution against tyrants was acceptable |
| 109. social contract | an agreement between a state and its citizens to define the state’s powers and the citizen’s rights. Proposed by Rousseau. |
| 110. Seven Years War | global war between France and Britain from 1756 to 1763 |
| 111. “taxation without representation” | Taxes were levied on American colonies, but they were not represented in Britain’s parliament |
| 112. Common Sense/Thomas Paine | writing by American revolutionary that advocated separation from Britain and republican government |
| 113. Declaration of Independence/Thomas Jefferson | document outlying America’s separation from Britain and the reasons why, written by American political and revolutionary leader |
| 114. causes of French Revolution | absolute monarchy abuses power, policies of Louis XVI, economic troubles, war debts, and droughts |
| 115. First/Second/Third Estate in France before the revolution | nobility, clergy, everybody else |
| 116. National Assembly | France’s representative body |
| 117. Declaration of the Rights of Man | French revolutionary document that outlined the rights of the people |
| 118. Reign of Terror | the period where the monarchy and aristocracy were targeted along with opponents of the French Revolution |
| 119. Directory | the government of revolutionary France from 1795 to 1799 |
| 120. Cycle of Revolution | calls for change from monarchy followed by moderate government followed by radical government followed by moderate government followed by monarchy |
| 121. universal manhood suffrage | voting rights extended without discrimination |
| 122. nationalistic uprisings | independence movements based on loyalty to free states |
| 123. guerilla warfare | unorganized warfare using hit and run tactics |
| 124. Napoleon | absolute leader of France who conquered most of Europe and was defeated in 1815 |
| 125. Congress of Vienna | European meeting after Napoleon’s defeat to try and restore political stability and settle diplomatic disputes |
| 126. Congress System/Metternich | Austrian diplomat at the Congress of Vienna system of Europe working together |
| 127. spirit of conservatism | after era of revolution attempt by European diplomats to return order to the good ol' days when autocracy ruled and people stopped rebelling |
| 128. radicalism | democratic movement that called for liberalism and extended rights |
| 129. parliamentary system | representative government led by a prime minister |
| 130. militaristic | aggressive war based ideology |
| 131. Revolution of 1848 causes | bad harvests, economic stagnation, reaction against conservative rule, negative social and economic effects of the Industrial Revolution, and nationalism |
| 132. Revolution of 1848 effects | forced King of Prussia to grant constitutional reforms, highlighted power of nationalism, unified Germany and Italy, political, social, and economic issues of the people have to be met |
| 133. Toussaint L’Ouverture | a leader of the Haitian revolt against France |
| 134. Louisiana Territory | French territory in the United States |
| 135. Latin America Wars of Independence causes | growing sense of nationalism, colonial economic policies, social class system, Napoleon |
| 136. caudillos | military juntas or governments military men that take over power sets precedent |
| 137. economic backwardness | Latin America caused by mercantilism and monoculture system |
| 138. Miguel Hidalgo | Creole priest in Mexico who led rebellion against Spain |
| 139. Pancho Villa | Mexican revolutionary who fought in the revolution from 1910 to 1917 |
| 141. Empress Cixi | disastrous Chinese monarch whose policies led to economic stagnation and China’s decline |
| 142. “Hundred Days Reform” | Time of social and institutional reform in 1898 launched by the Qing emperor of China, Guangxu |
| 144. Sun Yat | sen |
| 145. People’s Principles | nationalism, democracy, people’s livelihood |
| 146. Nationalist Party | Kuomintang Chinese political party that favored republican government |
| 147. Chiang Kaishek | leader of the Kuomintang and founder of the Republic of China |
| 148. Simon Bolivar | Creole military leader who fought for Colombian independence between 1817 and 1822 |
| 149. Jose de San Martin | leader of independence movement in Rio de la Plata; successful in 1816 |
| 150. King John VI | Portuguese King who ruled in Brazil from 1808 to 1820 because of Napoleon’s invasion |
| 151. King Pedro/Pedro II | Portuguese king John VI flees to Brazil, Portuguese government from Brazil. John leaves and leaves his son, who lives entire life in Brazil and declares independence for brazil and becomes emperor. Gives power to his son for most of 19th century. Stable m |
| 152. Catholic Church in Latin America One of the largest land owners in Latin America lobbies to keep conservative rule, economic/social/political interest | |
| 153. Russification | All Russians had to learn Russian language and convert to orthodoxy, anyone who didn’t’ was persecuted, Jews. |
| 154. Czar Nicholas II | doesn’t reacto to revolution, socialists organize, tried to rally Russians around the falg but lost against Japanese |
| 155. Duma | something like parliament but has no real power, every time they tried to make change, czar disbands them. |
| 156. Indian National Congress | English speaking, educated upper class, most influential is Mohandas K. Gandhi1869 |
| 157. Mohandas Gandhi | Lived in S. Africa from 18931915, defended rights of Indian living under apartheid(areas that has racism), and returned to India as a central figure in freedom movement, nonviolent resistance. |
| 158. Creoles | European born Foreign |
| 159. Mestizos | Indigenous and European mixed |
| 160. Mulattoes | Mixed European and black |
| 161. Marxism | More radical socialism (economic competition is inherently unfair and leads to injustice/ inequality) |
| 162. Liberalism | willing to respect or accept behavior or opinions different from one’s own. Open to new ideas. |
| 163. Conservatism | not changing or innovating, holding on to traditional values. |
| 164. Anarchism | abolition of all government the organization of society on a voluntary, cooperative basis without recourse to force or compulsion. |
| 166. Giuseppi Garibaldi | Italian nationalist kicks out Spain, unifies Italy. |
| 167. Otto von Bismarck | Prime minister of Germany, build the military. Consolidating the region under Prussia’s authority. |
| 169. First/Second Reich | “Holy Roman Empire”, then “second empire” under Bismarck |
| 170. Irish home rule | Should North, Split Catholic/ Protestant remain British or Irish, Should Ireland be set free. |
| 173. Dreyfus Affair | Jewish officer accused of selling secrets to GER. |
| 175. Crimean War | 18531856, Tsar Alexandar II forced to implement liberal reforms, Modernize Russia, Emancipation of serfs in 1861, lightened censorship, widened powers of local govt, 1881, Alexander II assassinated |
| 176. Tokugawa Shogunate | seized control in 1600s, authority with emperoer, reality with shogunate, Samurai top, centralized Japan. Warring states to peaceful country. |
| 177. samurai | Warrior class, top during Shogunate |
| 178. stratified society | No chance for social mobility. |
| 179. Meiji Restoration | Japan’s Modern age, Embrace West to survive/ compete. |
| 183. social hierarchy | During Tokugaw social hierarchy ended, based on merit, civil service exam. |
| 184. Mary Wolstonecraft | English writer, vindication of rights of women 1792 (Equal rights, education, political, economic pursuits) |
| 185. “Women Question” | What is their sphere and role? |
| 186. “cult of true womanhood” | Virutes of submissiveness, piety, domesticity, modesty, feminity. |
| 190. Essay on Population/Thomas Malthus | population growth led to poverty, war diseases, starvation needed to control population. |
| 191. Iron Law of Wages/David Ricardo | Employer will pay lowest possible wage to make money. Supply of labor goes up then salaries will drop. |
| 192. Socialism | economic competition is inherently unfair and leads to injustice/inequality |
| 193. Communism | Ideally perfect justice, social equality and plenty |
| 194. Eastern Question | gradual decline of the Ottoman Empire presented Europe with choices |
| 195. “sick man of Europe” | Ottoman Empire falling apart, but better than chaos |
| 196. literacy rates | greater access to public education increased through 1800s, Literacy rates rose. |
| 197. Fridrich Nietzche | “God is Dead”, All systems of morality valueless in the materialistic modern age. |
| 198. Romanticism | Most important emotion/passion, more self expression, Selfrealization of the individual, heroism, love of the natural world |
| 199. Realism | Rejected Romanticism’s idealized dramatic outlook, critical view of life. Details of everyday existence, poverty, social hypocrisy, class injustice. |
| 201. economic imperialism | practice of promoting the economy of one nation in another. It is usually the case that the former is a large economically or militarily powerful nation and the latter is a smaller and less developed. |
| 202. la mission civilisatrice | French idea of spreading their advanced civilization to others through colonization. Also referred to as “mission civilisatrice.” |
| 203. British East India Company | A jointstock company of investors with the intent to favor trade privileges in India. Eventually transformed from a commercial trading venture to one which virtually ruled India. |
| 204. “sun never sets on the British empire” | a phrase that emerged in response to the British dominance during the Modern Era. Britain was the first nation to industrialize and thus, was able to gain an advantage over all other competing nations. |
| 206. Sepoy Mutiny | Soldiers angered by the rumors that their rifle ammos were greased with lard and beef fat. Thus, they mutinied. The mutiny was harshly crushed by the British. |
| 208. infrastructure | The basic facilities, services, and installations needed for the functioning of a community or society, such as transportation and communications systems, water and power lines, and public institutions including schools, post offices, and prisons. |
| 209. civil service exam | Exam all Chinese government officialtobe’s had to go through in order to prove themselves. Very rigorous, although once you passed, instant success was guaranteed. |
| 210. sati | funeral custom in which the widow immolated herself on her husband’s funeral pyre. |
| 211. thuggee | The practice of robbery and assassination practiced by the Thugs. |
| 212. sectarian strife | violent conflict between Muslims and Coptic Christians in Egypt. |
| 213. Dutch East India Company | It was the first multinational corporation in the world and it was the first company to issue stocks. |
| 215. King Chulalongkorn | fifth king of the Chakri dynasty of Thailand. |
| 216. Spanish American War | took place in 1898, and resulted in the United States of America gaining control over the former colonies of Spain in the Caribbean and Pacific. Cuba would be declared Independent in 1902. |
| 217. “sleeping dragon” | term given to China by Napoleon, regarding their untapped population, size and resources. |
| 218. bullion | Gold or silver considered with respect to quantity rather than value. |
| 219. “unequal treaties” | a series of treaties signed by several Asian states, including the Qing Empire in China, late Tokugawa Japan, and late Chosun Korea, and foreign powers during the 19th and early 20th centuries. This was a period during which these states were largely unab |
| 221. footbinding | Chinese custom of shrinking women’s feet. They preferred small feet? Confined women to homes. Degrading practice for women of China. |
| 222. White Lotus Rebellion | It apparently began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society that forecast the advent of the Buddha, advocated restoration of the native Chinese Ming dynasty, and promised personal salvation to its followers. |
| 223. Taping Rebellion | Rebellion initiated by Hong Xiuquan to overthrow the Manchurians and establish the kingdom of Heaven in China. Got off to an impressive start militarily but only because Hong avoided attacking large urban centers. |
| 224. Hong Xiuquan | ), leader of the Taiping Rebellion. Believed he was the son of Jesus Christ. Failed the civil service examination many times. |
| 225. Open Door Policy | is the maintenance in a certain territory of equal commercial and industrial rights for the nationals of all countries. |
| 226. Boxer Rebellion | was a violent movement against nonChinese commercial, political, religious and technological influence in China during the final years of the 19th century. |
| 227. Henry Puyi | Last emperor of the Qing Dynasty to rule over China. No more emperors after him. |
| 228. “Dark Continent” | A former name for Africa, so used because its hinterland was largely unknown and therefore mysterious to Europeans until the 19th century |
| 229. “Scramble for Africa” | began in 1881, when France moved into Tunis with Bismarck's encouragement. After centuries of neglect, Europeans began to expand their influence into Africa. Soon, it took on a fullfledged land grab in Africa by European Powers. |
| 230. Berlin Conference | 188485 regulated European colonization and trade in Africa |
| 233. Ashanti Kingdom | was a powerful state in West Africa in the years prior to European colonization. It was located in what is today southern and central Ghana. |
| 235. Boer War | was the name given to the South African Wars of 1880 1 and 1899 1902, that were fought between the British and the descendants of the Dutch settlers (Boers) in Africa. |
| 236. Shaka Zulu | widely credited with transforming the Zulu tribe, from a small clan, into the beginnings of a nation that held sway over that portion of Southern Africa between the Phongolo and Mzimkhulu rivers. |
| 237. African National Congress | founded to defend the rights of the black majority |
| 238. Muhammad Ali | Egyptian ruler who caused Egypt to industrialize. |
| 239. Suez Canal | a ship canal in northeastern Egypt linking the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea |
| 241. intertribal warfare | conflict between tribes. |
| 242. Belgium /Congo | the formal title of presentday Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) between King Léopold II's formal relinquishment of personal control over the state to Belgium on 15 November, 1908, to the dawn of Congolese independence on 30 June, 1960. |
| 243. “Great Game” | used to describe the rivalry and strategic conflict between the British Empire and the Tsarist Russian Empire for supremacy in Central Asia. |
| 244. Balkans | A major mountain range of southeast Europe extending about 563 km (350 mi) from eastern Yugoslavia through central Bulgaria to the Black Sea. Known as the most dangerous place on Earth, due to the presence of many different racial groups in the region. WW |
| 245. Young Turks | A member of a Turkish reformist and nationalist political party active in the early 20th century. |
| 248. “Long Peace” | Peace between 1871 and 1914 between European nations. Tensions are rising. |
| 249. Alliance System | After the Franco Prussian War, Bismarck held that Germany was a "satiated state" which should give up ideas of further conquest. Thus Bismarck organized a system of alliances designed to maintain Germany's hegemony on the European continent |
| 251. Panama Canal | major shipping canal which cuts through the isthmus of Panama in Central America, connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans |
| 253. Jingoism | Extreme nationalism characterized especially by a belligerent foreign policy |
| 254. Modernization Theory | developed countries emphasize individuality and capitalism. Economic prosperity due to industrialization is the key to a nation’s advancement. All countries will naturally modernize. |
| 255. Dependency Theory | less developed nations either intentionally or unintentionally depend on the developed nations for economic support. Some countries will never be able to break out of dependent cycle...modernization theory doesn't apply. Ex. Latin American nations depend |
| 256. Marxist Theory | socialism is the only way to a nation’s prosperity. Also known as Communism. |
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