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Medical Terms
Chapter 7 Respiratory System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) a form of the sudden onset of severe lung dysfunction affecting both lungs, making breathing extremely difficult | |
| airway inflammation the swelling and clogging of the airways with mucus | |
| airway obstruction occurs when food or a foreign object blocks the airway and prevents air from entering or leaving the lungs | |
| allergic rhinitis an allergic reaction to airborne allergens that causes an increased flow of mucus | |
| alveoli the very small grape-like clusters found at the end of each bronchiole | |
| anoxia the absence or nearly complete absence of oxygen from the body's gases, blood, or tissues | |
| anthracosis the form of pneumoconios caused by coal dust in the lungs; also known as black lung disease | |
| antitussive administered to prevent or relieve coughing (cough medicine) | |
| aphonia the loss of the ability of the larynx to produce normal speech sounds | |
| apnea the absence of spontaneous respiration | |
| asbestosis the form of pneumoconios caused by asbestos particles in the lungs | |
| asphyxia the condition that occurs when the body cannot get the air it needs to function | |
| asphyxiation any interruption of normal breathing resulting in asphyxia; also known as suffocation | |
| aspiration pneumonia can occur when a foreign substance, such as vomit, is inhaled into the lungs | |
| asthma a chronic allergic disorder characterized by episodes of severe breathing difficulty, coughing, and wheezing | |
| atelectasis a condition in which the lung fails to expand completely due to shallow breathing or because the air passages are blocked | |
| bacterial pneumonia often caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae; is the only form of pneumonia that can be prevented through vaccination | |
| bradypnea an abnormally slow rate of respiration usually of less than 10 breaths per minute | |
| bronchi formed where the trachea divides into two branches known as the primary bronchi | |
| bronchioles the smallest branches of the bronchi | |
| bronchodilator a medication that expands the opening of the passages into the lungs | |
| bronchopneumonia a localized form of pneumonia that often affects the bronchioles and surrounding alveoli | |
| bronchorrhea an excessive discharge of mucus from the bronchi | |
| bronchoscopy the visual examination of the bronchi using a bronchoscope | |
| bronchospasm a contraction of the smooth muscle in the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles that tighten and squeeze the airway shut | |
| byssinosis caused by inhaling cotton dust into the lungs and usually occurs after working in a textile factory | |
| chest imaging chest x-ray; a valuable tool for diagnosing pneumonia, lung tumors, pneumothorax, pleural effusion, tuberculosis, and emphysema | |
| Cheyne-Stokes respiration a pattern of alternating periods of hypopnea or apnea, followed by hyperpnea | |
| chronic bronchitis a condition where the airways have become inflamed and thickened, and there is an increase in the number and size of mucus-producing cells | |
| chronic obstructive pulmonary disease a lung disease in which it is hard to breathe; COPD | |
| cilia the thin hairs located just inside the nostrils | |
| collapsed lung a lung that is unable to expand to receive air due to a pneumothorax or atelectasis | |
| CPAP device positive pressure ventilation device; treatment for sleep apnea that includes a mask, tubes, and a fan to create air pressure that pushes the tongue forward to maintain an open airway | |
| croup an acute respiratory syndrome in children and infants characterized by obstruction of the larynx, hoarseness, and a barking cough | |
| cyanosis a bluish discoloration or the skin caused by a lack of adequate oxygen | |
| cystic fibrosis a genetic disorder in which the lungs and pancreas are clogged with large quantities of abnormally thick mucus | |
| diaphragm the muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdomen | |
| diaphragmatic breathing a relaxation technique used to relieve anxiety | |
| diphtheria an acute bacterial infection of the throat and upper respiratory tract | |
| dysphonia any change in vocal quality, including hoarseness, weakness, or the cracking of a boy's voice during puberty | |
| dyspnea difficult or labored breathing; also known as shortness of breath | |
| emphysema the progressive loss of lung function that is commonly attributed to long-term smoking | |
| empyema an accumulation of pus or infected fluid in the pleural cavity | |
| endotracheal intubation the passage of a tube through the nose or mouth into the trachea to establish or maintain an open airway | |
| epiglottis a lid-like structure located at the base of the tongue | |
| epistaxis bleeding from the nose that is usually caused by an injury, excessive use of blood thinners, or bleeding disorders; also known as a nosebleed | |
| ethmoid sinuses located in the ethmoid bones, separated from the orbital cavity by only a thin layer of bone | |
| eupnea easy or normal breathing | |
| exhalation the act of breathing out | |
| external respiration the act of bringing air into and out of the lungs and exchanging gases from this air | |
| frontal sinuses located in the frontal bone just above the eyebrows; an infection here can cause severe pain in this area | |
| functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) a procedure performed using an endoscope in which chronic sinusitis is treated by enlarging the opening between the nose and sinus | |
| hemoptysis coughing up of blood or bloodstained sputum | |
| hemothorax an accumulation of blood in the pleural cavity | |
| hypercapnia the abnormal buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood | |
| hyperpnea an increase in the depth and rate of the respiratory movements | |
| hyperventilation an abnormally rapid rate of deep respiration that is usually associated with anxiety | |
| hypopnea shallow or slow respiration | |
| hypoxemia a condition of having below-normal oxygen level in the blood | |
| hypoxia the condition of having below-normal oxygen levels in the body tissues and cells; less severe than anoxia | |
| influenza an acute, highly contagious viral respiratory infection that is spread by respiratory droplets and occurs most commonly in epidemics during the colder months | |
| inhalation the act of taking in air as the diaphragm contracts and pulls downward | |
| internal respiration the exchange of gases within the cells of the body organs, cells, and tissues | |
| interstitial fibrosis another name for the inflammation and thickening of the walls of the alveoli | |
| interstitial lung diseases a group of almost 200 diseases that cause inflammation and scarring of the alveoli and their supporting structures | |
| laryngectomy the surgical removal of the larynx | |
| laryngitis an inflammation of the larynx | |
| laryngopharynx the third division of the pharynx, is shared by both the respiratory and digestive systems | |
| laryngoplasty the surgical repair of the larynx | |
| laryngoplegia paralysis of the larynx | |
| laryngoscopy the visual examination of the larynx using a laryngoscope | |
| laryngospasm the sudden spasmodic closure of the larynx | |
| larynx the voice box; a triangular chamber located between the pharynx and the trachea | |
| left lung has 2 lobes: superior and inferior | |
| lobar pneumonia affects larger areas of the lungs, often including one or more sections, or lobes, of a lung | |
| lobectomy the surgical removal of a lobe of the lung | |
| lower respiratory tract consists of the bronchial tree and lungs | |
| lung cancer a condition in which cancer cells form in the tissues of the lung | |
| lungs the organs of respiration | |
| Mantoux PPD skin test a more accurate skin test for diagnosing tuberculosis | |
| maxillary sinuses located in the maxillary bones; an infection here can cause pain in the posterior maxillary teeth | |
| mediastinum the cavity located between the lungs that contains the heart, aorta, esophagus, trachea, bronchial tubes, and thymus gland | |
| metered-dose inhaler mixes a single dose of the medication with a puff of air and pushes it into the mouth via a chemical propellant | |
| mucous membranes the specialized tissues that line the respiratory, digestive, reproductive, and urinary systems | |
| mucus secreted by the mucous membranes | |
| mycoplasma pneumonia a milder but longer lasting form of the disease caused by the bacteria Mycoplasma pneumoniae | |
| nasal septum a wall of cartilage that divides the nose into two equal sections | |
| nasopharynx the first division of the pharynx, posterior to the nasal cavity and continues downward to behind the mouth | |
| nebulizer pumps air or oxygen through a liquid medicine to turn it into a vapor, which is then inhaled by the patient via a face mask or mouthpiece | |
| olfactory receptors nerve endings that act as the receptors for the sense of smell | |
| oropharynx the second division of the pharynx, the portion that is visible when looking into the mouth | |
| otolaryngologist a physician with specialized training in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders of the ears, nose, throat, and related structures of the head and neck; also known as an ENT | |
| paranasal sinuses air-filled cavities lined with mucous membrane, located in the bones of the skull | |
| parietal pleura the outer layer of the pleura that lines the walls of the thoracic cavity, covers the diaphragm, and forms the sac containing each lung | |
| peak flow meter a handheld device often used to test those with asthma to measure how quickly the patient can expel air | |
| pertussis a contagious bacterial infection of the upper respiratory tract | |
| pharyngitis an inflammation of the pharynx | |
| pharyngoplasty the surgical repair of the pharynx | |
| pharyngotomy a surgical incision of the pharynx | |
| pharynx the throat; receives the air after it passes through the nose | |
| phlegm thick mucus secreted by the tissues lining the respiratory passages | |
| phrenic nerves stimulate the diaphragm and cause it to contract | |
| pleura a thin, moist, and slippery membrane that covers the outer surface of the lungs and lines the inner surface of the rib cage | |
| pleural cavity the airtight area between the layers of the pleural membranes | |
| pleural effusion the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space | |
| pleurectomy the surgical removal of part of the pleura | |
| pleurisy an inflammation of the pleura that produces sharp chest pain with each breath | |
| pleurodynia pain in the pleura or in the side that occurs in relation to breathing movements | |
| pneumoconiosis an abnormal condition caused by dust in the lungs that usually develops after years of environmental or occupational contact | |
| pneumocystis carinii pneumonia an opportunistic infection caused by the fungus Pneumocystis carinii | |
| pneumonectomy the surgical removal of all or part of a lung | |
| pneumonia a serious infection or inflammation of the lungs in which the smallest bronchioles and alveoli fill with pus and other liquid | |
| pneumorrhagia bleeding from the lungs | |
| pneumothorax the accumulation of air in the pleural space causing a pressure imbalance that prevents the lung from fully expanding or can cause it to collapse | |
| polysomnography the diagnostic measurement of physiological activity during sleep; also known as a sleep apnea study | |
| pulmonary edema an accumulation of fluid in lung tissue | |
| pulmonary fibrosis the formation of scar tissue in the lung, resulting in decreased lung capacity and increased difficulty in breathing | |
| pulmonary function tests a group of tests that measure volume and flow of air by utilizing a spirometer | |
| pulmonologist a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the lungs and associated tissues | |
| pulse oximeter an external monitor placed on the patient's finger or earlobe to measure the oxygen saturation level in the blood | |
| pyothorax the presence of pus in the pleural cavity between the layers of the pleural membrane | |
| respiration the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide that is essential to life | |
| respirator an apparatus for administering artificial respiration in cases of respiratory failure | |
| respiratory failure a condition in which the level of oxygen in the blood becomes dangerously low or the level of carbon dioxide becomes dangerously high | |
| respiratory system brings oxygen into the body for transportation to the cells | |
| rhinorrhea the watery flow of mucus from the nose | |
| right lung has 3 lobes: superior, middle, and inferior | |
| septoplasty the surgical repair or alteration of parts of the nasal septum | |
| silicosis caused by inhaling silica dust in the lungs and usually occurs after working in occupations including foundry work, quarrying, ceramics, glass work, and sandblasting | |
| sinusitis an inflammation of the sinuses | |
| sleep apnea syndromes a group of potentially fatal disorders in which breathing repeatedly stops during sleep for long enough periods to cause a measurable decrease in blood oxygen levels | |
| smoke inhalation damage to the lungs in which particles from a fire coat the alveoli and prevent the normal exchange of gases | |
| sphenoid sinuses located in the sphenoid bone, close to the optic nerves; an infection here can damage vision | |
| spirometer a recording device that measure the amount of air inhaled or exhaled (volume) and the length of time required for each breath | |
| sputum phlegm ejected through the mouth that can be examined for diagnostic purposes | |
| sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) the sudden and unexplainable death of an apparently healthy sleeping infant between the ages of 2 weeks and 1 year | |
| supplemental oxygen administered when the patient is unable to maintain an adequate oxygen saturation level in the blood | |
| tachypnea an abnormally rapid rate of respiration usually or more than 20 breaths per minute | |
| thoracentesis the surgical puncture of the chest wall with a needle to obtain fluid from the pleural cavity | |
| thoracostomy the surgical creation of an opening into the chest cavity to establish drainage of empyema | |
| thoracotomy a surgical treatment of lung cancer by removing all or part of a lung | |
| tonsils form a protective circle of lymphatic tissue around the entrance to the respiratory system | |
| trachea the tube located directly in front of the esophagus that extends from the neck to the chest; the windpipe | |
| tracheoplasty the surgical repair of the trachea | |
| tracheorrhagia bleeding from the mucous membranes of the trachea | |
| tracheostomy the surgical creation of an opening into the trachea and insertion of a tube to facilitate the passage of air or the removal of secretions | |
| tracheotomy an emergency procedure in which an incision is made into the trachea to gain access to the airway below a blockage | |
| tuberculin skin testing a screening test for tuberculosis in which the skin of the arm is injected with a harmless antigen extracted from TB bacteria | |
| tuberculosis an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, usually attacks the lungs | |
| upper respiratory infections among the terms used to describe the common cold; can be caused by any one of 200 different viruses | |
| upper respiratory tract consists of the nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx, and trachea | |
| ventilator a mechanical device for artificial ventilation of the lungs that is used to replace or supplement the patient's natural breathing function | |
| video-assisted thoracic surgery the use of a video-assisted thoracoscope to view the inside of the chest cavity through very small incisions | |
| viral pneumonia caused by several different types of viruses and accounts for approximately half of all pneumonias | |
| visceral pleura the inner layer of pleura that surrounds each lung |
Created by:
SaraJKamp
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