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BU AN 101
K.Arkin AN101 midterm notes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Survivals | characteristics of culture that are reflections of earlier stages of human culture (Processes, Customs, Opinions, etc.) |
| Animism | he belief in spirits inhabiting and animating beings (non-human), or souls existing in things. Tylor argued Animism is the true religion and that it is the foundation of all modern religions/ |
| Unilineal Evolution | social theory about the evolution of societies and cultures: believed Western culture is the pinnacle of social evolution. ifferent social status is aligned in a single line that moves from most primitive to most civilized |
| Historical Particularism | First American anthropological school of thought. Founded by Franz Boas, it rejected Unilineal Evolution and argued each society has its own historical past. Societies could reach the same level of cultural development through different paths |
| Functionalism | Developed by Malinowski, argues all cultural traits are functionally interrelated at form an integrated society as a whole--all functions of society work to satisfy the individual's biological needs |
| Nacirema | Term used to describe aspects of American society. Word is American spelled backwards |
| Franz Boas | German-American anthropologist--pioneer of modern anthropology |
| E.B. Tylor | English anthropologist-representative of cultural evolution author of Primitive Culture AND Anthropology. Believed in a functional basis for the development of society and religion. Believed history and prehistory could be used to reform British society |
| Bronislaw Malinowski | Polish anthropologist--influential in structural functionalist sociology--pioneering ethnic fieldwork was a major contribution to the study of Melanesia and informal economic systems (Argonauts of the Western Pacific) |
| Participant Observation | research strategy used to gain a close and intimate familiarity with a given group of individuals and their practices through intensive involvement with people in their natural environment usually over an extended period of time |
| "Arm Chair" anthropology | term used to describe anthropologists who worked mostly with materials collected by others (missionaries, traders, explorers, or colonial officials) |
| Ethnographic Present | culture is alive today |
| Participant Observation | research strategy used to gain a close and intimate familiarity with a given group of individuals and their practices through intensive involvement with people in their natural environment usually over an extended period of time |
| "Arm Chair" anthropology | term used to describe anthropologists who worked mostly with materials collected by others (missionaries, traders, explorers, or colonial officials) |
| Ethnographic Present | culture is alive today |
| Ethnocentrism | The belief that one's ethnic culture or group is centrally important--all other groups are related to one's own--esp. with concerns to language, behavior, customs and religion |
| Empiricism | asserts that knowledge is learned via sensory experience--emphasizes the role of experience and evidence |
| Cultural Relativism | justifies what we know with empirical, objective, universal observations such as field and lab work. Argues the understanding of another culture's human beliefs and activities is only possible through the geography and language with the people studied |
| Mercator Projection Map | cylindrical map projection presented by Gerardus Mercator in 1569. Distorts size and shape of large objects as the scale increases from the equator poles. best for navigation (keeps lines of constant course) |
| Universalism | refers to religious, philosophical, and theological concepts with universal application |
| particularism | school of anthropological thought associated with Franz Boas. Opposed cultural evolution--emphasizes the integrated and distinctive way of life of a given people |
| Culture (3 Definitions) | -excellence of taste in the fine arts and humanities -integrated pattern of human knowledge, belief and behavior depending on the capacity for thought and learning -set of shared attitudes, values, etc that characterizes an institution/organization |
| White Man's burden | characterization for the United States' imperialism--came from a poem by William Easterly--deals with Eurocentric racism and Western aspirations to dominate the developing world |
| Indirect rule | to rely on existing political elites and institutions--the use of one country's existing political structures by the colonizing country for governance |
| Postmodernism | movement AWAY from modernism. Tendency in contemporary culture suspect global cultural narrative. apparent realties only social constructs-subject to change in time and place (gay/straight, black/white) |
| Secularization | transformation of a society from close identification with religious values and institutions to non-religious values. As societies "progress" through modernization, religion loses its authority in all aspects of social life and governance |
| Structural Anthropology | Levi-Strauss--idea that people think about the world in terms of binary opposites (high/low, inside/outside, person/animal, life/death) and culture can be understood in terms of these opposites |
| Synchronic | occurring at a specific time/place |
| Diachronic | term for something happening over time |
| Structural Distance | Which is closer? Village A, B or C? A and B have the same lineage, C is different, but A and C are physically closer. A and B are closer because they have the same lineage |
| Cultures | Franz Boas argued the world has cultureS not A culture--what makes us different are our DIFFERENT cultures. We are not on one scale differing by degrees--they are completely separate |
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megblauvelt
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