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2011 AP Vocabulary

Question	Answer
Marshall plan	a u.s. plan to support the recovery and reconstruction of Western Europe after WWI
mass consumerism	trade in products designed to appeal to a global market
matrilineal	referring to a social system in which descent and inheritance are traced through the mother
may fourth movement	a 1919 protest in China against the Treaty of Versailles and foreign influence
medieval	pertaining to the middle ages of European history
Meiji restoration	the restoration of the meiji emperor in Japan in 1868 that began a program of industrialization and centralization of Japan following the end of the Tokugawa Shogunate
mercantilism	a European economic policy of the sixteenth through the eighteenth centuries that held that there was a limited amount of wealth available, and that each country must adopt policies ti obtain as much wealth as possible for itself
mestizos	in the Spanish colonies, persons of mixed European and Indian descent
patriarchs	the head of the Eastern Orthodox Church
mexica	the name given to themselves by the Aztec people
middle ages	the period of European history traditionally given as 500-1500
middle kingdom	term applied to the rich agriculture lands of the Yangtze river valley under the Zhou dynasty
middle passage	the portion of trans-Atlantic trade that involved the passage of Africans from Africa to the Americas
minaret	a tower attached to a mosque from which Muslims are called to worship
mita	a labor system used by Andean societies in which community members shared work owned to rulers and the religious community
moksha	in Hindu belief, the spirit's liberation from the cycle of reincarnation
mongol peace	the period from about 1250 to 1350 in which the mongols ensured the safety of Eurasian trade and travel
monotheism	the belief in one god
Monroe doctrine	policy used by the United States in which it declared that the Western....
evangelical	pertaining to preaching the Gospel (the good news) or pertaining to theologically conservative Christians
excommunication	the practice of the roman catholic and other christian churches of prohibiting participation in the sacraments to those who do not comply with church teachings or practices
extraterritoriality	the right of foreigners to live under the laws of their home country rather than those of the host country
factor	an agent with trade privileges in early Russia
fascism	a political movement that is characterized by extreme nationalism, one-party rule, and the denial of individual rights
feminism	the movement to achieve woman's rights
feudalism	a political, economic, and social system based on the relationship between lord and vassal in order to provide protection
fief	in medieval Europe, a grant of land given in exchange for military or other services
filial piety	in china, respect for one's parents and other elders
five pillars	five practices required of Muslims: faith, prayer, fasting, alms giving,and pilgrimage
five year plans	plans for industrial production first introduced to the soviet union in 1928 by Stalin; they succeeded in making the soviet union a major industrial power byt he end of the 1930s
foot binding	in china, a method of breaking and binding women's feet; seen as a sign of beauty and social position, foot binding also confined women to the household
foraging	a term for hunting and gathering
Geneva conference	a 1954 conference that divided Vietnam at the seventeenth parallel
genocide	the systematic killing of an entire ethnic group
geocentric theory	the belief that by many before thee scientific revolution that the earth is the center of the universe
glasnost	the 1985 policy of Mikhail Gorbachev that allowed openness of expression of ideas in the soviet union
glorious revolution	the bloodless overthrow of English King James I and the placement of William and Mary on the English throne
Gothic architecture	architecture of twelfth-century Europe, featuring stained-glass windows, flying buttresses, tall spires, and pointed arches
pharaoh	an Egyptian monarch
philosophies	french enlightenment social philosophers
pogrom	violence against Jews in the tsarist Russia
polis	a Greek city-state
polytheism	the belief in many gods
pope	the head of the roman catholic church
Potsdam conference	a 1945 meeting of the leaders of great Britain, united states, and the soviet union would be given control of eastern Europe and that germany would be divided into zones of occupation
Prague spring	a 1968 program of reform to soften socialism in Czechoslovakia; it resulted in the soviet invasion of Czechoslavakia
predestination	the belief of protestant reformer john Calvin that god had chosen some people for heaven and others for hell
proletariat	in Marxist theory, the class of workers in an industrial society
protestant reformation	a religious movement begun by Martin Luther in 1517 that attempted to reform the beliefs and practices of the Roman Catholic Church; it resulted in the formation of new Christian denominations
purdah	the Hindu custom of secluding women
purges	Joseph Stalin's policy of exiling or killing millions of his opponents in the soviet union
quechua	Andean society also known as the Inca
quipus	a system of knotted cords of different sizes and colors used by the incas for keeping records
Quran	the hold book of Islam
radicalism	western European political philosophy during the nineteenth century; advocated democracy and reforms favoring lower classes
northwest passage	a passage through the north American continent that was sought by early explorers to north america as a route to trade with the east
no theater	the classical Japanese drama with music and dances performed on a simple stage by elaborately dreessed actors
opium war (1839-1842)	war between great Britain and china began with the Quin dynasty's refusal to allow continued opium importation into China; British victory resulted in teh Treaty of Nanking
oracle bones	animal bones or shells use by Chinese priests to receive messages from the gods
organization of petroleum exporting countries	organization formed in 1960 by oil-producing countries to regulate oil surplus and prices
ozone depletion	the thinking of the layer if the gas ozone high in the earths atmosphere; ozone's serves as a protection against the sun's ultra-violet rays
pan slavic movement	a Russian attempt to unite all slavic nations into a commonwealth relationship under the influence of russia
parallel descent	in Incan society, descent through both the father and mother
parliament	a representative assembly
parliamentary monarchy	a government with a king or queen whose power is limited by the power of a parliament
patriarchal	pertaining to a social system in which the father is the head of the family
Pax Romana	the roman peace; the period of prosperity and stability throughout the roman empire in the first two centuries C.E.
peninsulares	in the Spanish colonies, those who were born in Europe
people of the book	a term applied by Islamic governments to Muslims, Christians, and Jews in reference to the fact that all three religions had a holy book
perestroika	a reconstructing of the soviet economy to allow some local decision making
Persian gulf war	the 1991 war between Iraq and a U.S.
perspective	an artistic technique commonly used in renaissance painting that gave a three-dimensional appearance to works of art
monsoon	a seasonal wind
mosque	the house of worship of followers of Islam
Mughal dynasty	rulers who controlled most of india in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries
mulatto	in the Spanish and Portuguese colonies, a person of mixed African and European decent
Muslim	"one who submits" a follower of islam
mystery religion	during the Hellenistic age, religions that promised their faithful followers eternity in a state of bliss
national organization for women	U.S organization founded in1969 to campaign for women rights
nation- state	a sovereign state whose people share a common and national identity
natural laws	principles that govern nature
natural rights	rights that belong to every person and that no government can take away
neo-Confucianism	a philosophy that blended Confucianism with Buddhism thought
new deal	U.S. president Roosevelt's program to relieve the economic problems of the Great Depression it increased government involvement in the society of the United States
new economic policy	linens policy that allowed some private ownership and limited foreign investment to revitalize the soviet economy
new testament	the portion of the christian bible that contains the gospels that relate the account of the life of Jesus; letters from the followers of jesus to the early christian churches and the Book of revelation, a prophetic text
nirvana	in Buddhism, a state of perfect peace that is the goal of reincarnation
nonalignment	the policy of some developing nations to refrain from aligning themselves with either the United States or the soviet union during the Cold War
north American free trade organization	an organization that prohibits tariffs and other trade barriers between Mexico, United States, and Canada
north Atlantic treaty organization	a defense alliance between nations of western Europe and north America formed in 1949
kamikaze	the "divine wind" credited by the Japanese with preventing the mongol invasion of japan during the 13th century
karma	in Hindu tradition the good or evil deeds done by a person
kowtow	a ritualistic bow practiced in the Chinese court
kulaks	Russian peasants who became wealthy under Lenin's new economic policy
laisez-faire economics	an economic concept that holds that the government should not interfere with or regulate businesses and industries
lanteen sail	a triangular sail attached to a short mast
latifundia	large landholdings in the roman empire
league of nations	international organization founded after WWI to promote peace and cooperation among nations
liberalism	an enlightenment philosophy that favored civil rights, the protection of private property and representative government
Magna Carta	a document written in England in 1215 that granted certain rights to nobles; later these rights came to be extended to all classes
malay sailors	southeast asian sailors who traveled the indian oceano; by 500 C.E. they had colonized madagascar, introducing the cultivation of the banana
mamluks	turkic miliatry slaves who formed part of the army of the abasid caliphate in the 9th and 10th centuries; they founded their own state in egypt and syria from the 13th to the early 16th centuries
Manchus	Peoples from northeastern Asia who founded China’s Qing dynasty
Mandate	A type of colony in which the government is overseen by another nation, as in the Middle Eastern mandates placed under European control after World War I.
Mandate of Heaven	The concept developed by the Zhou dynasty that the deity granted a dynasty the right to rule and took away that right if the dynasty did not rule wisely.
Manorialism	The system of self-sufficient estates that arose in medieval Europe.
Maori	A member of a Polynesian group that settled in New Zealand about 800 C.E.
Steppe	A dry grassland.
Steppe diplomacy	The skill of political survival and dominance in the world of steppe nomads; it involved the knowledge of tribal and clan structure and ofter used assassinations to accomplish its goals.
Stateless society	A society that is based on the authority of kinship groups rather than on a central government.
Stoicism	The most popular Hellenistic philosophy; it involved strict discipline and an emphasis on helping others.
Suez Canal	Canal constructed by Egypt across the Isthmus of Suez in 1869.
Sufis	Muslims who attempt to reach Allah through mysticism
Sultan	An Islamic ruler.
Sunni	The branch of Islam that believes that the Muslim community should select its leaders; the Sunnis are the largest branch of Islam.
Syncretism	A blend of two or more cultures or cultural traditions.
System of checks and balances	Constitutional system in which each branch of government places limits on the power of the other branches.
Taiping Rebellion (1853 - 1864)	Revolt in southern China against the Qing Empire.
Tanzimet reforms	Nineteenth-century reforms by Ottoman rulers designed to make the government and military more efficient.
Tea ceremony	An ancient Shinto ritual still performed in the traditional Japanese capital of Kyoto.
Tehran Conference	A 1943 meeting of leaders of the United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet union; it agreed on the opening of a second front in France.
Ten Commandments	The moral law law of the Hebrews.
Theocract	A government ruled by God or by Church leaders.
Tienanmen Square	Beijing site of a 1989 student protest in favor of democracy; the Chinese military killed large numbers of protesters.
Torah	The first five books of the Jewish scripture.
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk	The 1918 treaty ending World War I between Germany and the Soviet Union.
Treaty of Nanking (1842)	Treaty ending the Opium War that ceded Hong Kong to the British.
Varna	A caste in the Hindu cast system
Vassal	in medieval Europe, a person who pledged military or other service to a lord in exchange for a gift of land or other privilege.
Vedas	the oral hymns to the Aryan deities, later written down, that formed the basis of the Hindu beliefs during the Vedic Age. (1500-500 B.C.E.)
Viceroyalty	A political unit ruled by a viceroy that was the basis of organization of the Spanish colonies.
Treaty of Tordesillas	the 1919 treaty in which the pope divided unexplored territories between Spain and Portugal.
Treaty of Versailles	the 1919 peace treaty between Germany and the Allied nations; it blamed the war on Germany and assessed heavy reparations and large territorial losses on the part of Germany.
Triangular Trade	the eighteenth-Century trade network between Europe, Africa, and the Americas.
Tribute	the payment of a tax in the form of of goods and labor by subject peoples.
Truman Doctrine	a 1947 statement by U.S. president Truman that pledged aid to any nation resisting communism.
Twelve Tables	the codification of Roman Law during the republic.
Umma	the community of all Muslim believers.
United Nations	the international organization founded in 1945 to establish peace and cooperation amon nations.
Universal Male Suffrage	the right of all males within a given society to vote.
Untouchables	the social division in Hindu society that fell in rank below the cast system; i was occupied by those who carried out undesirable occupations such as undertaking, butchering, and waste collection.
Varna	A caste in the Hindu cast system
Vassal	in medieval Europe, a person who pledged military or other service to a lord in exchange for a gift of land or other privilege.
Vedas	the oral hymns to the Aryan deities, later written down, that formed the basis of the Hindu beliefs during the Vedic Age. (1500-500 B.C.E.)
Viceroyalty	A political unit ruled by a viceroy that was the basis of organization of the Spanish colonies.
Gran Columbian	the temporary union of he northern portion of South America after the independence movement led by Simon Bolivar; ended in 1830
Great Depression	the severe worldwide economic down turn that began in the late 1920’s and continued through the 1930’s throughout many regions of the world.
Great Leap Forward	the disastrous economic policy introduced by Mao Zedong that proposed the implementation of small scale industrial projects and individual peasant communes.
Green Revolution	a program of improved irrigation methods and the introduction of high-yield seeds and fertilizers and pesticides to improve argriculture production, the Green Revolution was especially successful in Asia but also was used in Latin America
griots	storytellers of sub-Saharan Africa who carried on oral traditions and histories.
guano	bird droppings used as fertilizer, a major trade item of Peru in the late nineteenth century.
guest workers	workers from North America and Asia who migrated to Europe during the late twentieth century in search of employment, some guest workers setteled in Europe permenently.
Guomindang	Chinas nationalist political party founded by Sun Yat-sen in 1925.
Hdith	a collection of the sayings and deeds of Muhammad.
Hajj	the pilgrimage to the ka’aba in Mecca required once of every Muslim who was not limited by health or financial restrictions.
harem	a household of wives and concubines in the Middle East , Africa and Asia.
heliocentric theory	the concept that the sun is the center of the universe.
Helllenistic Age	the ere (c. 323-30 B.C.E.) in which Greek culture blended with Persian and other Eastern influences spread throughout the former empire of Alexander the Great.
Helsinki Accords	A 1975 political and human rights agreement signed in Helsinki, Finland, by Western European countries and the Soviet Union.
Hieroglyphics	a system of picture writing used in Egypt.
Renaissance	The revival of learning in Europe beginning about 1300 continuing to about 1600.
Reparation	The payment of war debts by the losing side.
Repartamieto	In Spanish colonies, and replacement for the encomienda system limited the number of working hours for a laborers and provided fair wages.
Revolution of 1905	Strikes by urban workers and peasant in Russia; promoted by shortages of food and by Russia’s loss to jappan in 1905.
British Commonwealth	A political community consisting of the United Kingdom, its dependencies, and former colonies of Great Britain that are now sovereign nations; currently called the commonwealth of nations.
Bushi	Regional military leaders in Japan who ruled small kingdoms from fortresses.
Bushido	The dove of honor of the sanurai of Japan.
caliph	The chief Muslim political and religious leader.
Calpulli	Aztec clans that supplied labor and warriors to leaders.
Capital	The money and equipment needed to engage in industrialization
Capitalism	An economic system based on private ownership and opportunity for profit-making.
Caravel	A small, easily steerable ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in their explorations.
Cartels	Unions of independent businesses in order o regulate production, prices, and the marketing of goods.
Catholic Reformation(Counter Reformation)	The religious reform movement within the Roman Catholic Church that occurred in response to the Protestant Reformation. It reaffirmed Catholic beliefs and promoted education.
Central Powers	In World War 1, Germany, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, the Ottoman Empire, and other nations who fought with them against the Allies.
Chinampas	Platforms of twisted vines and mud that served the Aztecs as floating gardens and extended their agricultural land.
Chivalry	A knight’s code of honor in medieval Europe.
Civilization	A cultural group with advanced cities, complex institutions, skilled workers, advanced technology, and a system of record keeping.
Climate	The pattern of temperature and precipitation over a period of time.
Coalition	A government based on temporary alliances of several political parties.
Code Napoleon	Collection of laws that standardized French law under the rule of Napoleon Bonaparte.
Cold War	The tense diplomatic relationship between the United States an the Soviet Union after World War 2.
Collectivization	The combination of several small farms into a large government-controlled farm.
Astrolabe	A navigational instrument used to determine latitude by measuring the position of the stars.
Austronesian	A branch of languages originating in Oceania.
Ayatollah	A traditional Muslim religious ruler.
Ayllus	In Incan society, a clan or community that worked together on projects required by the ruler.
Bakufu	A military government established in Japan after the Gempei Wars; the emperor became figurehead, while real power was concentrated in the military, including the samurai.
Bantu-speaking peoples	Name given to a group of sub-Saharan African peoples whose migrations altered the society of sub-Saharan Africa.
Battle of Tours	The 732 battle that halted the advance of Muslim armies into Europe at a point in the northern France.
Benefice	In medieval Europe, a grant of land or other privilege to a vassal.
Berlin Conference (1884-1885)	Meeting of European imperialist powers to divide Africa among them.
Black Death	The European name for the outbreak of the bubonic plague that spread across Asia, Europe, and North Africa in the fourteenth century.
Bodhisattvas	Buddhist holy men who accumulated spiritual merits during their lifetime; Buddhists prated to them in order to receive some of their holiness.
Boers	South African of the Dutch descent.
Boer War (1899-1902)	War between the British and the Dutch over Dutch independence in South Africa; resulted in the British Victory.
Bourgeoisie	In France, the class of merchants and artisans who were members of the Third Estate and initiators of the French Revolution; in the Marxist theory, a term referring to the factory owners.
Boxer Rebellion (1898)	Revolt against foreign residents of China.
Boars	Russian nobility.
Brahman	A member of the social class of priests in Aryan society.
Brinkmanship	The Cold War policy of the Soviet Union and the United States of threatening to go.
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)	The blueprint of heredity.
Devshirme	A practice of the Ottoman empire to take Christian boys from their home communities to serve as janissaries.
Dharma	The position in the Hindu caste system that was determined by one’s birth.
Diaspora	The exile of an ethnic or racial group from their homeland.
Divine right	The belief of absolute rulers that their right to govern is granted by god.
Domestic system	A manufacturing method in which the stages of the manufacturing process are carried out in private homes rather than a factory setting.
Duma	The Russian parliament.
Dutch learning	Western learning embraced by some Japanese in the eighteenth century.
Dynasty	A series of rulers from the same family.
Economic imperialism	Control of a country’s economy by the religions allowed in the Roman Empire.
Empirical Research	Research based on the collection of .
Enclosure movement	The fencing of pasture land in England beginning prior to the Industrial Revolution.
Encomienda	A practice in the Spanish colonies that granted land and the labor of Native Americans on that land to European colonist.
Enlightenment	A philosophical movement in eighteenth-century Europe that was based on reason and the concept that education and training could improve humankind and society.
Entrepreneurship	The ability to combine the factors of land, labor, and capital to create factory production.
Estates	The divisions of society in pre-revolutionary France.
Estates-General	The traditional legislative body of France.
Euro	The standard currency introduced and adopted by the majority of members of the European Union in January 2002.
European Union	An organization designed to reduce trade barriers and promote economic unity in Europe; it was formed in 1993 to replace the European Community.
Abacus	An ancient Chinese counting device that used rods on which were mounted movable counters
Absolute Monarchy	Rule by a king or queen whose power is not limited by a constitution.
Afrikaners	South Africans who were descended from the Dutch who settled in South Africa in the seventeenth century.
Age Grade	An age group into which children were placed in Bantu societies of early sub-Saharan Africa; children within the age grade were given responsibilities and privileges suitable for their age and in this manner were prepared for adult responsibilities.
Allah	The god of the Muslims; Arabic word for “God”.
Alliance for Progress	A program of economic aid for Latin America in exchange for a pledge to establish democratic institutions; part of U.S. President Kennedy’s international program.
Allied Powers	In World War 1, the nations of Great , France, Russia, the United States, and others that fought against the Central Powers; in World War II, the group of nations including Great Britain, France the Soviet Union, and the United Sates, that fought against
Al-Qaeda’s	A terrorist group based in Afghanistan in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries.
Animism	The belief that spirits rock inhabit the features of nature.
Anschluss	The German annexation of Austria prior to World War II
Apartheid	The South African policy of separation of the races.
Appeasement	Policy of Great Britain and France of making concessions to Hitler’s in the 1930’s.
Aristocracy	Rule by a privileged hereditary class or nobility.
Artifact	An made by human hands.
Artisan	A craftsman.
Hijrah	the flight of the Muhammad from Mecca to Medina; the first year in the Muslim calendar
Holocaust	The Nazi program during World War II that killed 6 million Jews and other groups considered undesirable.
Imperialism	The establishment of colonial empires.
Import Substitution Industrialization	An economic system that attempts to strengthen a country's industrial power by restricting foreign imports.
Inca	The ruler of the Quechua people of the west coast of South America; the term is also applied to the Quechua people as whole.
Indian National Congress	Political party that became the leader of the Indian nationalist movement.
Indo-Europeans	A group of semi nomadic peoples who, around 2000 b.c.e began to migrate from central Asia to India, Europe, and the middle east.
Indulgence	A document whose purchase was said to grant the bearer the forgiveness of sins.
Industrial Revolution	The transition between the domestic system of manufacturing and the mechanization of product in a factory setting.
International Monetary Fund	An international organization founded in 1994 to promote market economies and free trade.
International Space Station	A vehicle sponsored by sixteen nations that circles the earth while carrying out experiments
Investiture	The authority claimed by monarchs to appoint church officials.
Jacobins	Extreme radicals during the French Revolution
Janissaries	Members of the Ottoman army often slaves who were taken from Christian lands.
Jati	One of many sub castes in the Hindu caste system
Jusuits	Members of the society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic missionary and the educational order founded by Ignatius of Loyola in 1534
Jihad	Islamic holy war
Junks	Large Chinese sailing ships especially designed for long distance travel during the Tang and Song dynasties.
Ka,aba	A black stone or meteorite that became the most revered shrine in Arabia before the introduction of Islam; situated in Mecca, it later was incorporated in the Islamic faith.
Kabuki Theater	A form of Japanese theater developed in the seventeenth century that features colorful.
Columbia exchange	the exchange of food crops, livestock, and disease between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres after the voyages of Columbus.
Commercial Revolution	The expansion of trade and commerce in Europe in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries
communism	An economic system in which the state controls the means of production
conscription	military draft
conservatism	in nineteenth-century Europe, a movement that supported monarchies, aristocracies, and state-established churches.
containment	Cold War policy of the United states whose purpose was to prevent the spread of communism.
cossacks	Russians who conquered and settled Siberia in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
covenant	Agreement; in the Judeo-Christian heritage, an agreement between God and humankind.
Criollos (creoles)	A term used in colonial Spanish America to describe a person born in the Americas of European parents.
Cubism	A school of art in which persons and objects are represented by geometric forms.
cultural diffusion	the transmission of ideas and products from one culture to another.
cultural revolution	a Chinese movement from 1966 to 1976 intended to establish an egalitarian society of peasants and workers.
cuneiform	a system of writing originating in Mesopotamia in which a wedge-shaped stylus was used to press symbols into clay
daimyo	A japanese feudal lord in charge of an army of samuri
Dar al-Islam	The house of Islam; a term representing the political and religious unity of the various Islamic groups
Declaration of the Rights of man	a statement of political and religious unity of various Islamic groups
Declaration of the rights of women	a statement of political rights of women written by Olumpe de Gouges in response to the Declaration of the rights of man
Deism	the concept of God common to the scientific revolution; the deity was believed to have set the world in motion and then allowed it to operate by natural laws
democracy	A political system in which the people rule
Warsaw Pact	The1955 agreement between the Soviet Union and the countries of eastern Europe in response to NATO.
welfare state	A nation in which the government plays an active role in providing services such as social security to its citizens.
World Bank	An agency of the United Nations that offers loans to countries to promote trade and economic development.
World Trade Organization	An international organization begun in 1995 to promote and organize world trade.
Yahweh	Jehovah, the god of the Jews.
Yalta Conference	A meeting of the leaders of the Soviet Union, Great Britain, and the United States in 1945.The Yalta Conference also made plans for the establishment of a new international organization.
yin and yang	In ancient Chinese belief, the opposing forces that bring balance to nature and life.
Young Turks	Society founded in 1889 in the Ottoman Empire; its goal was to restore the constitution of 1876 and to reform the empire.
zaibatsu	A large industrial organization of the late nineteenth century.
ziggurat	A multi-tiered pyramid constructed by Mesopotamia's
Zoroastrianism	An ancient Persian religion that emphasized a struggle between good and evil and rewards in the afterlife for those who chose to follow a good life.
Service Industries	Occupations that provided a service rather than a manufactured or agricultural product.
Seven Years’ War (1756-1763)	Conflict fought in Europe and its overseas colonies; in North America known as the French and Indian War.
Shariah	The body of law that governs Muslim society.
Shi’ite	The branch of Islam that holds that the leader of Islam must be a descendant of Muhammad’s family.
Shinto	The traditional Japanese religion based on veneration of ancestors and spirits of nature.
Shogun	Military leaders under the bakufu.
Shogunate	The rule of the shoguns.
Silk Roads	Caravan routes and sea lanes between China and the Middle East.
Six-Day War	A brief war between Israel and a number of Arab states in 1967; during this conflict, Israel took over Jerusalem, the Golan Heights, the Sinai Peninsula, and the West Bank.
slash-and-burn agriculture	An agricultural method in which farmers clear fields by cutting and burning trees, then use the ashes as fertilizer.
social contract	Enlightenment concept of the agreement made by people living in a state of nature to give up some of their rights in order for governments to be established.
Social Darwinism	The application of Darwin’s philosophy of natural selection to human society.
socialism	Political movement originating in nineteenth century Europe; emphasized state control of the major means of production.
Solidarity	A Polish trade union that began the nation’s protest against communist rule.
sovereignty	Self-rule.
Spanish-American War (1898)	Conflict between the United States and Spain that began the rise of the United States as a world power.
Spanish Civil War	A conflict from 1936 to 1939 that resulted in the installation of fascist dictator Francisco Franco as ruler of Spain; Franco’s forces were backed by Germany and Italy, whereas the Soviet Union supported the opposing republican forces.
specialization of labor	The division of labor that aids the development of skills in a particular line of work.
spheres of influence	Divisions of a country in which a particular foreign nation enjoys economic privileges.

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