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(Chadmw)Chapter10&11
(Willis) Chapters 10 & 11
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Affected | To be influenced in some way by another’s actions. |
| Illustrated | To be shown with a picture, drawing, or other artwork. This word can also mean to make clear or intelligible by giving examples or analogies. |
| Significant | Being important, notable, or of consequence. |
| Symbol | Something that stands for or represents something else. |
| Tension | Underlying feelings of hostility in a relationship between individuals, groups, or nations. |
| Jerusalem | The capital city of the kingdom of Israel during the 900s B.C. This ancient holy city is a center of pilgrimage for Jews, Christians, and Muslims. |
| Judaea | The land formerly known Judah, one of the two kingdoms of Israel. It was turned into a Roman province called and renamed by Emperor Augustus in A.D. 6. |
| Nazareth | A small town in Galilee that was the childhood home of Jesus. |
| Galilee | The region just north of Judaea where Jesus preached his ideas to the gentiles. |
| Jesus | A Jew who preached the values of love and forgiveness from about A.D. 30 to A.D. 33. Christianity was founded on his ideas. |
| Peter | A Jewish fisherman and one of the twelve disciples of Jesus. He was an early leader in Christianity and he eventually founded the Catholic Church. |
| Paul | Christian leader from the city of Tarsus in Asia Minor. He was an educated Jew and Roman citizen who, at first, persecuted Christians but later changed his name & converted to Christianity. |
| Messiah | In Judaism, a deliverer sent by God to free the Jewish People. |
| Disciple | A close follower of Jesus. |
| Parable | A short allegorical story that used events from everyday life to express spiritual ideas & to teach moral lessons. |
| Resurrection | The act of rising from the dead. This is usually associated with Jesus rising from the dead after his burial. |
| Apostle | An early Christian leader who helped set up churches and spread the message of Jesus. |
| Salvation | The act of being saved from sin and allowed to enter heaven. |
| Rome | The capital city of the Ancient Roman Empire, the capital city of the Western Roman Empire after its’ split, & later the center of Power for the Catholic Church. |
| Constantine | The first Roman Emperor convert to Christianity. He issued an order called the Edict of Milan in A.D. 313 that gave religious freedom to all people and made Christianity legal. |
| Helena | The mother of Emperor Constantine. She helped her son build churches in Rome and Jerusalem. |
| Theodosius | Emperor Constantine's successor. He made Christianity Rome's official religion in 392 A.D. and outlawed other religions. |
| Persecute | To mistreat a person because of his or her race, religion, or beliefs. |
| Martyr | A person who is willing to suffer greatly or even die rather than give up his or her beliefs. |
| Hierarchy | Any organization with different levels of authority. |
| Clergy | Religious officials, such as priests, given authority to conduct religious services. |
| Laity | Church members who are not clergy. |
| Doctrine | Official church teaching. |
| Gospel | ("good news") one of the four accounts of Jesus' life, teachings, and resurrection. |
| Pope | Originally the bishop of Rome & later on the leader of the Roman Catholic Church. |
| Byzantine Empire | The Roman Empire, which continued in the East after the fall of the Western Roman Empire. The people there developed their own form of Christianity based on their Greek heritage. |
| Britain | Island in Western Europe consisting of England, Scotland, and Wales. It was once ruled by the Romans and later by the Anglo-Saxons. |
| Ireland | An island in Europe which is second in size to Great Britain where Saint Patrick helped to spread Christianity. |
| Charlemagne | King of the Franks, a Germanic people, in A.D. 800. He was given the title of Holy Roman Emperor by the pope because he helped defend Italy when it was invaded. |
| Basil | A bishop who drew up a list of rules for monks and nuns to follow. This list was called the Basilian Rule and became the model for Eastern Orthodox religious life. |
| Benedict | An Italian monk who wrote another set of rules for monks in the West to follow called the Benedictine Rule. Monks gave up their belongings, lived simply, and spent their time in work and prayer. |
| Cyril | A successful Byzantine missionary who carried the Christian message to the Slavs, a people of Eastern Europe. |
| Patrick | A priest who brought Christianity to Ireland in the A.D. 400s. |
| Icon | A Christian religious image or picture. |
| Iconoclast | A person who opposed the use of idols in Byzantine churches, saying that icons encouraged the worship of idols. |
| Excommunicate | To declare that a person or group no longer belongs to the church, thereby giving up the right to participate in communion & the sacraments & therefore denying them entry into heaven. |
| Schism | A formal division within a church or separation from that church over a difference in doctrine or belief. |
| Monastery | A religious community where monks live and work in seclusion of or separate from secular society. |
| Missionary | A person who travels to carry the ideas of a religion to others. |
| Compiled | Put together in from different sources into a project such as a book or something similar. |
| Devoted | Zealous or strong in attachment, affection, or loyalty to some cause or activity & shown by giving time and energy to that cause or activity. |
| Impose | To force something upon someone. |
| Substitute | Someone who takes the place of another. |
| Successor | A person that follows another, usually in reference to one leader taking the place of another. |
| Makkah | Also known as Mecca, it was the largest and richest town along trade routes in Arabia. It was the birthplace of the prophet Muhammad, making it an important religious site for Islam and the holiest place in Arabia. |
| Kaaba | A low square building surrounded by statues of gods and goddesses that was in the middle of Makkah. Arabs believed that the great stone inside the Kaaba was from heaven & had been given to Abraham by the Angel Gabriel. |
| Madinah | The town of Yathrib, which was north of Makka. Muhammad and his followers left Makkah and moved to this town in 622 A.D. because they were persecuted. |
| Bedouin | Desert herders of camels, goats, and sheep who traveled from oasis to oasis in search of water and grazing land; they lived in tents. They were among the first people to convert to Islam. |
| Muhammad | Arab prophet born in 570 A.D. who founded Islam. He urged his followers to worship only Allah, the one true God. This led to his persecution & flight from Makkah. |
| Oasis | A green & fertile area in a desert that is fed by underground water. |
| Sheikh | The leader of an Arab tribe. These men are often religious leaders as well. |
| Caravan | A group of traveling merchants and animals. |
| Quran | The holy book of Islam. It is revered by Muslims as the word of god, dictated to Muhammad by the archangel Gabriel, & accepted as the foundation of Islamic law, religion, culture, & politics. |
| Damascus | A city in Syria that became the capital of the Arab Empire. It is believed by many to be the oldest continuously inhabited city in the world. Indonesia |
| Timbuktu | A West African city that became a leading center of Muslim learning when Arab merchants crossed the Sahara in their pursuit of trade. |
| Baghdad | The new capital of the Abbasid dynasty. This city beside the Tigris River and near the Euphrates River in Mesopotamia was in a good location for trade. Delhi |
| Umayyad | Caliphs who ruled from A.D. 661 to A.D. 750 and expanded the Arab empire. They also built the Great Mosque of Damascus. |
| Sufi | A group of Muslims who spread Islam by preaching. |
| Abbasids | The dynasty of Arab rulers that came after the Umayyad dynasty & that lasted until 1258. They were known for bringing Persian influence into the empire. |
| Suleiman | He was the greatest ruler of the Ottoman Empire & is often called the “Magnificent”. He made the Ottoman Empire larger than ever before, built many schools & Mosques, & had policies that were very tolerant of other Religions & customs. |
| Moguls | Muslim warriors who created another Muslim empire in India during the 1500s. They came from the mountains north of India & were descended from the Mongols. |
| Akbar | The greatest Mogul ruler. He brought peace & order to the part of India that he ruled, allowed India's Hindus to practice their own religion, & he also allowed them to serve in his government. |
| Caliph | An important Muslim political and religious leader that claims succession from Muhammad. |
| Shiite | The Muslim group that accepts only descendants of Muhammad's son-in-law Ali as rightful rulers of Muslims. |
| Sunni | The Muslim group that accepts descendants of the Umayyads as rightful rulers of Muslims. |
| Sultan | A military and political leader with absolute authority over a Muslim country. |
| Granada | A site in Spain where the Alhambra, a famous Muslim palace, was built in the 1300s. |
| Agra | A site in India where the Taj Mahal was built for the wife of the Mogul ruler Shah Jahan. The Taj Mahal, one of the world's most beautiful buildings, is a tomb made of marble and precious stones. |
| Mamun | The Abbasid caliph who founded the House of Wisdom in Baghdad in A.D. 830. There, scholars exchanged ideas and rewrote Greek, Persian, and Indian works in Arabic. |
| Al-Razi | One of the best-known Muslim chemists, he lived from A.D. 865 to A.D. 925. He developed a system for categorizing substances as animal, mineral, or vegetable. |
| Ibn Sina | Persian doctor & philosopher whose medical textbook, The Canon of Medicine, is a comprehensive medical encyclopedia that remained a standard work in European medical studies until the 17th century. He showed how diseases spread from person to person. |
| Omar Khayyam | Persian poet and Muslim who wrote the Rubaiyat, one of the finest poems ever written, around 1100. |
| Ibn Khaldun | Great Muslim historian who wrote in 1375 that all civilizations rise, grow, and then fall. He was also one of the first historians to study the effect of geography and climate on people. |
| Mosque | A Muslim house of worship. |
| Bazaar | A covered marketplace. |
| Minaret | The tower of a mosque from which the crier calls believers to prayer five times a day. |
| Crier | An announcer who calls Muslim believers to prayer five times a day. |
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