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AP Unit 4 Terms
Important Terms, People, Places, and Events from 1750-1914
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Abolish | To do away with; to end |
| Absolute Monarch | Form of government where the king or queen has complete control over their country |
| Assembly Line | Production line: mechanical system in a factory; A system of workers and machinery in which a product is assembled in a series of consecutive operations |
| Capital | Wealth in the form of money |
| Capitalism | An economic system based on private ownership of capital; Economic system in which property is privately owned and goods are privately produced.It is sometimes referred to as the private enterprise system. |
| Cartel | Agreement |
| Commercial | Connected with or engaged in commerce or commercial enterprises |
| Communism | Communism is a social structure in which, theoretically, classes are abolished and property is commonly controlled, as well as a political philosophy and social movement that advocates and aims to create such a society. |
| Constitution | Fundamental law: law determining the fundamental political principles of a government |
| Corporation | A large company |
| Doctrine | The official beliefs taught by a religious group. |
| Domestic | Of or relating to the home; concerning the internal affairs of a nation |
| Emancipation | The act of setting free from the power of another, from slavery, subjection, dependence, or controlling influence; |
| Enclosure | The act of enclosing something inside something else |
| Enlightenment | The era in Western philosophy and intellectual, scientific and cultural life, in which reason was advocated as the primary source and legitimacy for authority |
| Estates-General | The legislative body of France. Composed of representatives from the three estates which are Clergy in the First Estate, Nobles in the Second Estate, and peasants in the Third Estate |
| Factory | A plant consisting of one or more buildings with facilities for manufacturing |
| Free Market | Any market in which trade is unregulated; an economic system free from government intervention |
| Immigration | The introduction of new people into a habitat or population; moving into a country |
| Imperialism | A policy of entending your rule over foreign countries |
| Indemnity | Protection against future loss |
| Industrial Revolution | The transformation from an agricultural to an industrial nation; A fundamental change in the way that goods are produced and the behavior of the people who produce them |
| Laissez-faire | The doctrine that government should not interfere in commercial affairs |
| Labor Union | An organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals like better working conditions |
| Leisure | Time available for ease and relaxation |
| Marxism | The economic and political theories of Karl Marx; Communism |
| Monopoly | A market in which there are many buyers but only one seller; One company dominates the market |
| Nationalism | Patriotism: love of country and willingness to sacrifice for it |
| Nation-State | Generally an independent political state |
| Natural Resources | Resources supplied by nature |
| Revolution | The overthrow of a government by those who are governed |
| Rural | of or relating to the countryside; pertaining to less-populated, non-urban areas |
| Social class | The hierarchical arrangements of people in society as economic or cultural groups |
| Social Darwinism | A theory that the laws of evolution by natural selection also apply to social structures |
| Socialism | A political theory advocating state ownership of industry |
| Suffrage | The right to vote |
| Trade union | An organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals like better working conditions |
| Universal Suffrage | The extension of the right to vote to all adult citizens as a whole |
| Urbanization | The growth of the city into rural areas |
| Utopia/ Utopian | An imaginary place considered to be perfect or ideal |
| Wage Labor | The socioeconomic relationship between a worker and an employer |
| American Revolution | Uprising of the American colonies against the imperial power-Britain. The United States was the first colony to break away from a European colonial power |
| Assembly Line | A system of workers and machinery in which a product is assembled in a series of consecutive operations |
| Berlin Conference 1884 | Major European countries negotiated claims to territory in African Congo; The conference set up rules on how future colonization rights and boundaries would be determined in the Congo |
| Bloody Sunday | On a Sunday in 1905, moderates marched in a protest on the Czar's palace in Russia. Nicholas II felt threatened and ordered his troops to fire on the protestors. |
| Boer Wars (Africa 1899-1902) | War between England and Dutch settlers over who would control South Africa including its gold and diamond mines |
| Boxer Rebellions | Resulted from the Chinese tring to run the non-Chinese out of China. The non-Chinese rebelled. The Boxers were the Chinese. The rebellion failed and the Chinese had to pay the Europeans and Japan fro the rebellion. |
| British East India Company | English joint-stock company formed to trade with the East Indies |
| Capitulations | A document containing the terms of a surrender |
| Charles Darwin | He founded the theory of evololution and natural selection; Darwinists believed the dominant races or classes of people rose to the top through a process of survival of the fittest. |
| Communist Manifesto | Told that the working class would eventually revolt and take control of the means `of production. |
| Congress of Vienna | In 1815- The Congress of Vienna ignored many ideas of the French Revolutionaries. They wanted to erase all traces of Napolean from the consciousness of Europe. |
| Declaration of Independence | The document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the Colonies from Great Britain |
| Declaration of the Rights of Man | A document adopted in August of 1789 recognizing natural rights based on ideas of the Enlightenment and the American Declaration of Independence. It was distributed across Europe furthering the ideas of freedom, equality, and rule of law. |
| The Diet of Japan | Japan's legislature. It is composed of a lower house- The house of Representatives, and an upper house- The house of Councillors |
| Emancipation of Serfs | Alexander II of Russia issued the Emanicipation Eddict, which abolished serfdom. The serfs were given very small plots of land for which they had to give huge payments to the government to keep. The Russian peasants continued to live a meager existence. |
| Empress Cixi (China) | Powerful and Charismatic leader of of China during the Manchu Quing Dynasties |
| Frederich Engels | Socialist who wrote the Communist Manifesto with Karl Marx |
| Execution of Louis XIV (France) | Louis was arrested. The National Assembly declared France to be a republic and abolished the monarchy. ??? |
| Miguel Hidalgo (Mexico) | A Creole priest who led a revolt against Spanish rule. The Spanish armies resisted effectively and put down the revolt; Hildalogo was executed. |
| Indian National Congress | In 1885, a group of well-educated Indians formed the Indian National Congress to begin a path toward indepence. |
| Intolerable Acts | Parliament responded to the Boston Tea Party by passing the Coercive Acts, also known as the Intolerable Acts in 1774. They were unjust acts and they intended to punish Boston and Massachusetts for the crime committed by a few individuals. |
| The Jewel in the Crown | ?????? A jewel found in the crowns. |
| Mahmut II (Ottoman) | The 30th sultan of the Ottoman Empire. He reigned from 1808 until 1839 |
| Karl Marx | Founder of modern communism; wrote the Communist Manifesto with Engels in 1848; |
| Maxim Guns | The Maxim gun was the first self-powered machine gun, invented by the American-born British inventor Sir Hiram Maxim in 1884. |
| Meiji Restoration | The restoration of the Emperor Meiji to power in Japan, overthrowing the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868 |
| Monroe Doctrine | An American foreign policy opposing interference in the western hemisphere from outside powers; A political policy of the United States by President James Monroe that states the Western Hemisphere is closed to European interference. |
| Muhammed Ali (Egypt) | When Napolean tried to conquer Egypt during his attempt to expand France, Muhammed Ali defeated the French and the Ottomans, and gained control of Egypt in 1805. He had almost exclusive control of Egypt. He began the industrialization of Egypt. |
| Muslim League | After the Hindu Indian National Congress was established in 1885 to increase the rights of Indians under colonial rule, the Muslim League in 1906 was created to advance the causes of Islamic Indians. |
| Napolean Bonaparte | A general by age 24. He returned to France and used his popularity to overthrow the government, the Directory, and declared himself the First Consul under the new constitution. He conquered Austria, Prussia, Spain, Portugal, and the Italy states. |
| Open Door Policy | The United States pledged its support of the soverignty of Chinese government and announced equal trading privileges among all imperial powers (basically Europe and the United States.) |
| Opium Wars | In 1773, British traders introduced opium to the Chinese. By 1838, the Manchu Emperor released an edict forbidding future sale or use of opium. The Chinese siezed British opium. China and Britain fought a war over the opium trade. |
| Panamal Canal | An aspect of American intervention in Latin America; resulted from United States support for a Panamanian independence movement in return for a grant to exclusive rights to a canal across the Panama isthmus; provided route from Atlantic to Pacific Ocean |
| The Raj | British dominion over India (1757-1947) ??? |
| Reign of Terror | Robespierres reign of France; He created the Committee of Public safety- An all-powerful enforcer of the revolution that murdered anyone against the revolution |
| Cecil Rhodes | British colonial financier and statesman in South Africa; made a fortune in gold and diamond mining; helped colonize Zimbabwe; he endowed annual fellowships for British Commonwealth and United States students to study at Oxford University (1853-1902) |
| Rudyard Kipling | He wrote the poem "White Man's Burden." He summed this up: Europeans believed they were the superior race and had a moral obligation to teach other people how to be more like Europeans. They wanted to take over other nations&convert them to Christianity |
| Russification | All Russians were expected to learn the Russian language and convert to Russian Orthodoxy. Anyone who didn't comply was persecuted, especially Jews. |
| Russo-Japanese War | Japan kicked Russia out of Manchuria and established its own sphere of influence there. Japan was now an imperial power and WORLD POWER! 1904 |
| Scramble for Africa | Also known as the Race for Africa; resulted in occupation and annexation of African territory by European powers during the New Imperialism period,1880s-1914; European rush to colonize parts of Africa at the end of the nineteenth century. |
| Sepoy Mutiny (1857) | The East India Company relied on Sepoys, Indians. In 1857, the Sepoys learned that the bullet cartridges, that were bitten off to load riffles, were greased with beef and pork, violating Hindu and Muslim laws. They rebelled-failed. Britian took over. |
| Seven Years' War (French and Indian) | France and Britian were long time rivals. France and the Algonquin and Iroquois tribes fought Britian and lost. French territory was pushed to the north and English territories expanded to the Ohio River Valley. |
| Sino-Japanese war | The Chinese were defeated in this war; War between China and Japan (1894 and 1895) over the control of the Korean Peninsula |
| Social Darwinism | A theory that the laws of evolution by natural selection also apply to social structures |
| Spanish American War | The United States destroyed the Spanish fleets in Cuba and the Phillippines and gained control of Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Phillipines. Cuba was given independence, in exchange for concessions to US. The United States WAS NOW CONSIDERED A WORLD POWER |
| Spheres of Influence | The European powers established these in China. France, Germany, Russia, and Britian carved up huge slices of China for themselves. They were not colonies; they were areas that the European powers invested heavily, built military bases, set up buisiness. |
| Suez Canal | Completed in 1869. Connected the Mediterranean Sea to the Indian Ocean. Eliminated the need to go around the Cape of Good Hope. |
| The State Duma of Russia | In 1906, the Czar of Russia attempted to enact legislative reforms by creating the Duma, a body intended to represent the Russian people. But every time the Duma was critical of the Czar, he immediately disbanded it. |
| Steam Engine (James Watts) | A heat engine that performs mechanical work using steam as its working fluid |
| Taiping Rebellion | The Taipings, led by a religous person claiming to be the brother of Jeses, recruited an army nearly a million strong and nearly suceeded in bringing down the Manchu government. The rebesl failed, but the message that China was crumling from within came. |
| Unequal Treaties | British traders sold outlawed opium to China. China and Britain fought a war over the opium trade. China was forced to sign the Treaty of Nanjing, aka "unequal treties." Britian was given rights to expand with China and create more opium addicts. |
| Otto von Bismarck | In 1861, the king of Prussia, William I, appointed this man to serve as Prime Minister with the aim of building the military and consolidating the region under its authority. He defeated Austria in 7 weeks & won Germany & provoked the Franco-Prussian War. |
| Wealth of Nations (Adam Smith) | Adam Smith wrote this book in 1776. It said that economic prosperity and fairness is best achieved through private ownership. Individuals should own the means of production in a free open market. Governments should NOT interfere in the economy. |
| White Man's Burden | Rudyard Kipling wrote this; He summed this up: Europeans believed they were the superior race and had a moral obligation to teach other people how to be more like Europeans. They wanted to take over other nations&convert them to Christianity |
| Witte Industrialization Program | ??? Witte advocated the creation of an elected parliament and the establishment of a bill of rights. |
| Young Turks Party | A coalition of various groups favoring reformation of the administration of the Ottoman Empire. The movement was against the monarchy of Ottoman Sultan; They established the second constitutional era in 1908 with as the Young Turk Revolution. |
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