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Intro to Anthro
Anthropology, sociology, psychology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Anthropology | studies aspects of “humankind” (customs, beliefs, social systems). Immerse themselves in the culture, act as member of the society. |
| Sociology | Study of groups (2 or more people). Believes institutions has effects on members & study effects. Understand objectively reasons for similarityies and differences among humans, their behaviour and ideas. |
| Psychology | studies mind & human behaviour, motives, mental processes, how a person feels, thinks and acts. |
| Feral children | Children lost or abandoned by parents, grow up with no human contact, raised by wild animals and act like them |
| Isolate children | Deprived of human contact (not spoken to, held) but given basic physiological needs |
| Theory of Natural Selection | The process by which animals and plants best adapt to their environment to survive and produce similar offspring |
| Definition of socialization | The process by which someone learns the values of a society in order to function within it |
| Language: Dialects | different way of speaking established language |
| Language: Slang | informal vocabulary that changes over time, common words used in newéunique way |
| Language: Jargon | words that make up total vocabulary of a language that are in specialized terms, used by specific technical groups |
| Examples of body language? | Posture, hand gestures, eye contact, facial expressions, contact space, appearance and clothing |
| Classical conditioning, who and what is it? | Ivan Pavlov. Learning in which a stimulus that does not elicit a given response is repeatedly linked with one that does until the neutral stimulus elicits the response by itself |
| Unconditioned stimulus Unconditioned response Neutral stimulus Conditioned stimulus Conditioned response | UCS: leads to response w/o training (meat) UCR: automatic response to ucs. (drooling) NS: initially has no effect (bell ringing) CS: former NS, elicita a given response after pairing with a UCS (bell ringing) CR: a learned responce to a CS (drooling) |
| Operant conditioning, who and what is it? | Edward Lee Thorndike. Learning that takes place when a spontanious behaviour is rewarded or punished |
| Operant conditioning: Reward training | response is learned to get reward |
| Operant conditioning: Active avoidance | response is learned to avoid punishment |
| Operant conditioning: Passive avoidance | learning not to make a particular response to avoid punishment |
| Operant conditioning: Omission training | reward is withheld if a certain response is given |
| Active listening | dialogue/message is being received and conveyed |
| Passive listening | saying nothing, one-sided conversations. still conveys message with silence |
| Name 7 agents of socialization | Family, Peers, Law, Religion, Media, recreational activities |
| Functionist perspective | Society is stable because it serves the needs of its citizens |
| Conflict perspective | Society is in constant competition among interest groups (ex: have/have nots) |
| Symbolic-interactionist perspective | Human behaviour reflects the meaning people give to a situation rather than the facts |
| What is a rite of passage? | A ceremony that marks a person's progress from one phase to another |
| What is the grief cycle? | 1. Shock - life feels unreal 2. Denial - euphamisms, bad deram 3. Anger - directed at God, medicine, oneself 4. Mourning - longest-lasting, depression, loneliness 5. Recovery - re-establish life & move on |
| Definition of personality | totality of behavioural traits that distinguish one individual from another. Shapes how we act, think and feel about events, ideas & other people. Shapes the way other people think about us. |
| What are Carl Jung's 2 personality types? | Introverted - withdrawn, shy, analytical, less inclined to take action Extraverted - seeks sompany, sociale, outgoing, neurological activity below optimal level |
| What is Sheldon's theory? | Somatype theory: Endo and ecto sitting in sandbox with toys. Meso demands toys. Endo (sociable) complies because he is too fat to run away. Ecto (detached) complies because he is too weak. Meso learns aggressiveness. |
| Freud's view of the mind? | Id - (want) sexual and aggressive energy. Deals with gratification. Ego - Develops as child grows. Curbs id's demands, a director. Controls rational thoughts Superego - conscience and moral code, represents parental and societal values instilled |
| What are the five different personality tests? | 1. Inventories 2. Ratings 3. Interviews 4. Projective tests 5. Behavioural assessments |
| Personality tests: Inventories | Lists of questions to which subjects answers yes/no, true/false. (Ex: MMPI) |
| Personality tests: Ratings | Assigning a score or rank to a person for each trait given Drawbacks: bias, observational period not long enough |
| Personality tests: Interviews | Assessing individual through oral discussion and question and answer period Drawback: variations between interviewers |
| Personality tests: Projective tests | Test designed to gain insight into the unconscious thought and feelings. Ex: Rorschach ink blot test Drawback: Interpretation of test results in difficult and subjective |
| Personality tests: Behavioural assessment | Assessment based on behavioural response to a particular situation Ex: Out of order sign on water fountain test Drawback: difficult to construct senario, to observe behaviour without being obstructive |
| What is "normal?" | Conforming to the standard, regular. Approximately average in every psychological trait, free from any mental disorder. |
| What are the five models of psychological disorders? | 1. Deviation from normality 2. Adjustment 3. The abolute standard 4. Medical standard 5. The legal definition |
| Models of psychological disorders: Deviation from normality | Abnormal behaviour, not doing what majority does Disadvantage: majority is not always right |
| Models of psychological disorders: Adjustment | Fail to adjust, cannot cope with physical, emotional and social demands of everyday life Disadvantage: It is possible to be "well-adjusted" to a "sick" situation |
| Models of psychological disorders: The abolute standard | Doesn't accept themselves for what they are and cannot live up to their individual potential Disadvantage: Difficult to determine if a person is all he or she can be |
| Models of psychological disorders: Medical standard | Psychological problems are viewed as diseases with sypmtoms, causes, treatments and causes, classified in specific categories Disadvantage: Psycho. disorders are not easily categorized like physical illnesses are |
| Models of psychological disorders: Legal definition | People are not considered responsible for violations of the law because they did not know what they did was wrong. Disadvantage: Experts can contradict one another on the same case |
| What are the 8 defense mechanisms? | Denial, displacement, reaction formation, repression, regression, rationalization, undoing, projection |
| Defense mechanisms: Denial | Blocks out disturbing realities |
| Defense mechanisms: Reaction formation | can hide an urge/drive from oneself by strongly supporting its opposite. ex: anti-gay demonstrator may have subconcious homosexual urges |
| Defense mechanisms: Undoing | Action that prevents or atones for an unacceptible thought or impulse ex: excessive excercise |
| Defense mechanisms: Displacement | drive or urge whose gratification is blocked in one form is directed into a new channel ex: angry at boss, kick dog instead |
| Defense mechanisms: Repression | Drives/memories taht are too threatening are excluded from consciousness |
| Defense mechanisms: Projection | undesireable impulses are attributed to other people ex: If one tends to be critical, they are convinced others are critical as well |
| Defense mechanisms: Rationalization | Give logical or socially desireable motives to justify actions Serach for "good" reason rather than "true" reason |
| Defense mechanisms: Regression | Go to younger sense of self |
| What are the 5 major categories of psychological disorders in DSM-III? | 1. Anxiety 2. Affective disorder 3. Schizophrenic disorder 4. Dissociative disorders 5. Personality disorders |
| Psychological disorders: Anxiety | Anxiety is main symptom, or symptoms defend against anxiety ex: Panic attacks, Phobies, OCD |
| Psychological disorders: Affective disorders | Disturbances of life that colours one's life entirely ex: Depression, Bipolar |
| Psychological disorders: Schizophrenic disorders | involving serious alteration of thought and behavour, represent a split from reality ex: Disorganized, catatonic, paranoid and undifferentiated types of schizophrenia |
| Psychological disorders: Dissociative disorders | Sudden alteration in the normally intergrated functions of consciousness or identity ex: Amnesia, DID |
| Psychological disorders: Personality disorder | Deeply ingrained, inflexible and maladaptive patterns of thought and behaviour ex: antisocial personality disorder |
| Define neurosis | an inability to cope efficiently with life, characterized by extreme and constant anxiety |
| Define obsession | Uncontrollable pattern of recurring, often unpleasant thoughts |
| Define compulsion | Uncontrollable repetition of an irrational act |
| Define obsessive-compulsive neurosis | A condition in which a person simultaneously obsessive-experiences both neuroses |
| Define hysteria | A neurosis in which a person suffers physical symptoms, such as paralysis or amnesia, without physical causes |
| What are the characteristics of the antisocial personality? | Conscienceless, manipulative, impulsive, difficult to reform, superficial emotion |
| What are the five basic social institutions? | - Family - Economic - Polotical - Educational - Religious |
| Social institutions: Benefits of families | - replace members of society - protection and socialization for young |
| Social institutions: Benefits of economic institutions | - helps society's emembers meet their physical needs - uncludes farms, banks, businesses |
| Social institutions: Benefits of political institutions | - assist members in group decision making - empower individuals |
| Social institutions: Benefits of educational institutions | - organize the way society passes on its culture, knowledge and values from one generation to another |
| Social institutions: Benefits of religious institutions | - develop spiritual side of society - provides guidelines for personal behaviour and social interaction |
| Foraging society and what were the families like? | Foraging: a way of life based on hunting wild animals and harvesting grains, fruits and roots Egalitarian society (little distinction based on wealth) Family was all-embracing social institutions, combined several functions (education, raising children) |
| Agricultural society and what were the families like? | People settled and developped agricultural way of life in valleys and plains for surpluses of food to be produced Social institutions seperated from family |
| Industrial society and what were the families like? | More institutions of greater complexity were developed like law, politics, medicine and military |
| Nuclear family | Husband, wife, children living together as one unit |
| Extended family | Family unit consisting of a husband, wife, children, grandparents, and other relatives |
| Blended family | When one or both partners in a marriage have children from a previous marriage and combine them to form a new family |
| What is the functionalist's theory on family? | Families perform all or som eof these functions: - socialize, train and educate children - work together to satisfy physical needs - takes care of sick and elderly members - regulate sexual drive in some manner - provide emotional support, intimacy |
| What is conflict theory on family? | The family institution is a source of discontent for women and worsens gender relations. When women go to work, household duties are not equally split |
| Workplace alienation | lack of jobsatisfaction resulting from little or no control over working conditions and little social interaction |
| Primary Agent of Socialization | teaches basic norms and values of society during childhood (Family) |
| Secondary Agent of Socialization | teaches further social behaviours and norms (Ex: Peers, hobby clubs, sports teams) |
| Sanction | formal or informal PENALTY or REWARD given to ensure CONFORMITY to norms (ex smile, pay raise) |
| Folkway | Culture's custom or belief |
| Mores | moral attitudes, laws |
| Diffusion of responsibilty | The bystander effect. The more people present, the less likely one is inclined to help. Different when people in group feel closer due to mutual goal (like people on a bus compared to people walking outside) |
| White-Collar Crime | Offences involving financial fraud that tend to be committed by professionals and businesspeople |
| Conflict | A struggle between opposing/incompatible forces that causes discontent, violence |
| Cohesion | Union of individual parts into a whole |
| Direct aggression | face-to-face confrontation |
| Indirect aggression | aggression that involves such behaviour as spreading negative rumours |
| Causes of aggression? | unreasonable, opinionated behaviour unfair blame, slander direct insults toughtless behaviour teasing nagging, yelling physical harassment assaults on belongings |
| Effects of Media Violence | No proof that media violence causes agression but -weakens viewer's self control -desensitizes viewer |
| In group | Feels a sense of respect or loyalty to the group |
| Out group | Feels competitive with or against the group |
| Genocide | systematic measures taken to exterminate a national, cultural, religious or racial group |
| Scapegoat | a person who is the object of another person's misplaced frustration |
| Conformity | action in accord with prevailing social standards, attitudes, practices |
| Social controls | Actions taken by society to ensure perople conform to its expected behaviours |
| Gordon Allport's Trait Theory | All people posess all the traits that distinguish individuals, but some traits are more prominent in others |
| Labelling Theory | Theory that the rules and reactions of others, not the act itself, best defines deviance |
| Real Self Ideal Self Self-Actualization | Real self - way you are at this moment Ideal Self - who you want to be Self-Actualization - process of becoming that person |
| prejudice | opinion or judgement based or irrelevant, inadequate knowledge (favourable or unfavourable) |
| Racism | Prejudice, discrimination against person/group because of cultural background |
| Discrimination | Action or behaviour that stems from prejudice |
| Self-fulfilling prophecy | behaviour in accordance with a widely held belief caused by believing the belief to be true |
| Organization | Large secondary groups that are structured to achieve goals efficiently |
| 3 Types of Organizations | Normative (voluntary, ex: Red Cross) Utilitarian (for rewards, ex: jobs) Coercive (forced to join for punishment, treatment) |
| 4 Types of Social Movements | Transformative - Change society Reformative - Change in part of society Redemptive - Change in all individuals Alternative - Change in some individuals |
| Limitations of organizations? | As organization gets bigger -goals shift, lose focus -lose effectiveness (bureaucracy) |
| Eight factos for Successful Organization | 1. leadership 2. sincere involvement 3. attention to gender 4. awareness of operation's context 5. balance of bureaucracy & efficiency 6/ flexibility 7. planning long-term change, short term results 8. examination and evaluation |
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stephanie23
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