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A&P Overview
ASHA A&P Overview of the Body Page 9-14
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| anatomy | study of structure |
| physiology | study of function |
| superior (cranial) | above, toward the head |
| inferior (caudal) | below, toward the feet |
| superficial | toward the surface |
| deep | away from the surface |
| anterior (ventral) | in front of |
| posterior (dorsal) | in back of |
| medial | toward the midline |
| lateral | away from the midline |
| proximal | closer to point of origin |
| distal | away from point of origin |
| anatomical position | body is standing, head facing forward, arms down, palms facing forward, feet parallel, toes facing forward |
| cephalic region | the head |
| cervical region | the neck |
| upper extremities | from shoulders to fingers |
| lower extremities | from hips to toes |
| trunk | region between shoulders and hips |
| transverse section | (cross section) divides the body into superior and inferior parts |
| midsagittal section | (median section) divides the body into equal left and right halves |
| coronal section | (frontal section) divides the body into front and back portions |
| dorsal cavity | cranial cavity & spinal canal |
| ventral cavity | thoracic cavity & abdominopelvic cavity |
| cranial cavity | contains brain |
| spinal canal | contains spinal cord |
| thoracic cavity | contains heart & lungs |
| abdominopelvic cavity | contains liver, large intestine, gall bladder, stomach, uterus, pancreas, ovaries, spleen, kidneys, & small intestine |
| viscera; visceral organs; internal organs | organs within the ventral cavity |
| alive, 8 indications that something is alive | excretion, growth, homeostasis, metabolism, movement, reproduction, respiration, responsiveness |
| homeostasis | constant internal environment |
| metabolism | all the chemical activity that maintains life |
| reproduction | replication of an organism |
| growth | increase in mass |
| excretion | removal of waste products |
| respiration | exchange of gases with the environment |
| responsiveness | irritability - the ability to respond to environmental changes |
| atoms | elements, matter making up the physical universe |
| 96 | number of different atoms making up the universe |
| oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, & nitrogen | the most abundant atoms making up the body |
| molecules | consists of two or more atoms bonded together |
| percentage of molecules that make up body that are: water | 65% |
| percentage of molecules that make up body that are: proteins | 20% |
| percentage of molecules that make up body that are: lipids | 5% |
| percentage of molecules that make up body that are: carbohydrates | 1% |
| percentage of molecules that make up body that are: others | 4% |
| cells (definition) | the smallest unit of life |
| cells - structurally | enormously complex mixture of atoms and molecules |
| cells - functionally | "alive" |
| cells' characteristics that indicate "life" | breathe, excrete, grow, and reproduce |
| nucleus | each cell has a nucleus, which is said to be the "brain" of the cell |
| tissue (definition) | a cluster of similar cells |
| tissue categories | epithelial, connective, muscle, and nerve |
| connective tissue consists of: | a loose scattering of cells in a non-living substance called the matrix |
| fibrous connective tissue | has a matrix that is rich in a tough, stringy protein called collagen |
| ligaments | cords that link bones together |
| tendons | cords that link muscles to bone |
| deep fascia | a sheet of fibrous tissue that covers muscles |
| organ | composed of two or more different tissues grouped together to carry out a common function |
| system | an association of various organs whose activities are coordinated to carry out a common purpose |
| 10 systems of the body | skeletal system, muscular system, integumentary system, nervous system, circulatory system, digestive system, respiratory system, urinary system, reproductive system, endocrine system |
| masseter | jaw muscle |
| sternocleidomastoid | muscle that runs from behind the ear to the sternum |
| trapezius | flat muscle that runs from the posterior base of skull down AND upward from around T12 to connect at outer shoulder |
| latissimus dorsi | large flat muscle on side of body that runs from spine around to the underarm |
| rhomboideus major | lower of the two rhomboideus muscles, deeper than the trapezuius muscle and runs from spine (approximately T1-T5) to underarm |
| rhomboideus minor | upper of the two rhomboideus muscles, deeper than the trapezuius muscle and runs from spine (approximately T1-T5) to underarm |
| levator scapulae | muscle deeper to trapezius, runs from base of neck to top of scapula |
| erector spinae | group of long muscles that runs from the sacrum up the back to the base of the neck |
| pectoralis major | "pects" - flat muscle from sternum to underarm |
| rectus abdominus | long muscle that runs vertically anterior, the "six pack abs" muscle |
| external oblique | flat muscle that runs from the anterior midline laterally around to the side back "waist" |
| deltoid | outer shoulder muscle |
| biceps brachii | anterior upper arm muscle |
| triceps brachii | posterior upper arm muscle |
| brachioradialis | anterior forearm muscle that runs from elbow to thumb |
| psoas major | muscle that attaches to spine at (T12-L4) & runs down to the hip socket via the pelvic girdle |
| gluteus maximus | the superficial muscle of the "bum" |
| hamstring muscles | group of thigh muscles on the back of the thigh |
| biceps femoris | hamstring: outer middle thigh muscle |
| semitendinosis | hamstring: inner middle thigh muscle & tendon |
| semimembranosis | hamstring inner middle thigh muscle deeper than semitendinosis |
| quadriceps muscles | front of thigh muscles |
| rectus femoris | middle quadricep muscle |
| vastus lateralis | outer quadricep muscle |
| vastus medialis | inner quadricep muscle that runs from knee toward groin |
| vastus intermedius | quadricep muscle deeper to the rectus femoris |
| tensor fascia lata | front outer hip muscle that runs from the top of the anterior pelvic girdle to the hip joint (tendon continues down to knee) |
| sartorius | muscle that runs from outer hip joint to inner knee |
| gracilis | muscle that runs from groin to inner knee |
| gastrocnemius | calf muscles |
| tibialis anterior | shin muscle |
| peroneus longus | muscle that runs from outer knee to outer ankle |
Created by:
deb0120
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