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A&PI - Ch 1
Organization of the Body
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| study of the structure of living organisms | anatomy |
| study of the function of living organisms | physiology |
| study of large body structures, visible to naked eye | gross/macroscopic anatomy |
| all the structures (muscles, bones, blood vessels, nerves, etc.) in particular region of body are examined at same time | regional anatomy |
| body structure is studied system-by-system | systemic anatomy |
| regional, systemic, and surface anatomy are all subdivisions of __ anatomy | gross |
| study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface | surface anatomy |
| deals with structure too small to be seen with naked eye | microscopic anatomy |
| cytology and histology are subdivisions of __ anatomy | microscopic |
| considers the cells of the body | cytology |
| study of tissues | histology |
| traces structural changes that occur in body throughout life span | developmental anatomy |
| subdivision of developmental anatomy, concerns developmental changes that occur before birth | embryology |
| studies structural changes caused by disease | pathological anatomy |
| studies internal structures as visualized by specialized scanning procedures/x-rays | radiographic anatomy |
| structure of biological molecules are investigated | molecular biology |
| molecular biology falls under anatomy when anatomical studies are on the __ level | subcellular |
| essential tool for studying anatomy is the mastery of | anatomical terminology |
| feeling with your hands | palpation |
| listening to organ sounds with stethoscope | auscultation |
| concerns kidney function and urine production | renal physiology |
| explains working of the nervous system | neurophysiology |
| examines operation of heart and blood vessels | cardiovascular physiology |
| anatomy provides a __ image of body's architecture | static |
| physiology reveals the body's __ and animated workings | dynamic |
| often focuses on events at cellular or molecular level | physiology |
| what a structure can do depends on its specific form, key concept called principle of | complementary of structure and function |
| can support and protect body organ because they contain hard mineral deposits | bones |
| blood flows in one direction through the heart because it has __ that prevent backflow | valves |
| simplest level of structural hierarchy | chemical level |
| tiny building blocks of matter | atom |
| atoms combine to form | molecules |
| molecules associate in specific ways to form | organelles |
| basic components of the __ __ are organelles | microscopic cells |
| smallest unit of living things | cells |
| lowest level of structural organization is the | cellular level |
| above the cellular level, in complex organisms (humans), is the | tissue level |
| groups of similar cells that have a common function | tissues |
| epithelium, muscle, connective tissue, and nervous tissue are the four basic | tissue types |
| cover body surfaces and lines its cavities | epithelium |
| provides movement | muscles |
| supports and protects body organs | connective tissue |
| provides means of rapid internal communication by transmitting electrical impulses | nervous tissue |
| discrete structure composed of at least two tissue types (four is more common) that performs a specific function for body | organ |
| extremely complex functions become possible at the | organ level |
| organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose | organ system |
| highest level of structural organization in the living human being is | organism |
| represents sum total of all structural levels working together to keep us alive | organismal level |
| all body cells are | interdependent |
| every living organism must __ __ __ so that its internal environment remains distinct from external environment surrounding it | maintain its boundaries |
| all cells of human body are surrounded by a __ __ membrane | selectively permeable |
| forms external body covering; protects deeper tissues from injury; synthesizing vitamin D, houses cutaneous receptors, sweat, and oil glands | integumentary system |
| includes activities promoted by muscular systems | movement |
| on cellular level, muscle cell's ability to move by shortening is called | contractility |
| ability to sense changes (stimuli) in environment and then respond to them | responsiveness/irritability |
| fast-acting control system of body; responds to internal/external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands | nervous system |
| all body cells are __ to some extent | irritable |
| breaking down of ingested foodstuffs to simple molecules that can be absorbed into blood | digestion |
| __ blood is distributed to all body cells by cardiovascular system | nutrient-rich |
| in a single-cell organism, amoeba, the cell itself is | digestion factory |
| in multi-cellular human body, digestive system performs breaking down of ingested foodstuffs to simple molecules that can be absorbed into blood, for __ __ | entire body |
| state of change; broad term including all chemical reaction that occur within body cells; includes catabolism, anabolism, and cellular respiration | metabolism |
| breaking down substances into their simpler building blocks | catabolism |
| synthesizing more complex cellular structures from simpler substances | anabolism |
| using nutrients and O2 to produce ATP | via cellular respiration |
| energy-rich molecules that power cellular activities | ATP |
| metabolism depends on __ and __ systems to make nutrients and O2 available to blood | digestive; respiratory |
| metabolism depends on __ system to distribute nutrients and O2 throughout the body | cardiovascular |
| metabolism is regulated largely by __ secreted by endocrine system glands | hormones |
| protects/supports body organs; provides framework that muscles use to cause movement; blood cells formed within bones; bones store minerals | skeletal system |
| allows manipulation of environment, locomotion, and facial expression; maintains posture and produces heat | muscular system |
| gland secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells | endocrine system |
| blood vessels transport blood, which carries O2, CO2, nutrients, and wastes, etc.; heart pumps blood | cardiovascular system |
| process of removing waste products, non-useful substances produced during digestion and metabolism, from the body | excretion |
| another word for body wastes | excreta |
| during excretion, digestive system rids body of __ __ residues in feces | indigestible food |
| during excretion, urinary system disposes of __ metabolic wastes, such as urea, in urine | nitrogen-containing |
| during excretion, cardiovascular system carries __ (by-product of cellular respiration) by way of blood to lungs where it leaves the body in exhaled air | CO2 |
| cellular reproduction occurs at __ and __ level | cellular; organismal |
| picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood; disposes of debris in lymphatic stream; houses WBC; immune response mounts attack against foreign antigens within body | lymphatic system/immunity |
| keeps blood constantly supplied w/O2 and removes CO2; gaseous exchange occurs through walls of air sacs of lungs | respiratory system |
| breaks down foodstuffs into absorbable units that enter blood for distribution to body cells | digestive system |
| eliminates nitrogenous wastes from body; regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of blood | urinary system |
| overall function is production of offspring | reproductive system |
| original cell divides, producing 2 identical daughter cells that may then be used for body growth/repair | cellular reproduction |
| reproductive system's function is regulated by hormones from __ system | endocrine |
| increase in size of body part or organism | growth |
| for true growth to occur, __ activities must occur at faster rate than __ ones | constructive; destructive |
| ultimate goal of all body systems is to | maintain life |
| includes nutrients, O2, and appropriate temperature and atmospheric pressure | survival needs |
| contain chemical substance used for energy and cell building | nutrients |
| rich in carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals | plant-derived foods |
| rich in proteins and fats | animal foods |
| major energy fuel for body cells | carbohydrates |
| essential for building cell structures | proteins |
| provide reserve of energy-rich fuel for body cells | fats |
| mineral that helps to make bones hard and is required for blood clotting | calcium |
| chemical reactions that release energy from foods are | oxidative reactions |
| single most abundant chemical substance in body | H2O |
| for chemical reactions to continue at life-sustaining rates normal __ __ must be maintained | body temperature |
| force that air exerts of surface of body | atmospheric pressure |
| breathing and gas exchange in lungs depends on __ atmospheric pressure | appropriate |
| American psychologist of 20th century who coined the word homeostasis | Walter Cannon |
| dynamic state of equilibrium, or balance, in which internal conditions vary but always within relatively narrow limits | homeostasis |
| factor or event being regulated, in homeostasis | variable |
| all homeostatic control mechanisms are processes involving at least __ __ that work together | three components |
| some type of sensor that monitors environment and responds to stimuli by sending info to the control center, in homeostasis | receptor |
| in homeostasis, info about stimulus (input) is carried from receptor to control center, along a(n) | afferent pathway |
| in homeostasis, level/range at which variable is to be maintained is called | set point |
| determines set point; analyzes info it receives from receptor and determines appropriate response/course of action | control center |
| information (output) flows from control center to effector along | efferent pathway |
| in homeostasis, a(n) __ provides means for control center's response to stimulus | effector |
| most homeostatic control mechanisms are __ feedback mechanisms | negative |
| output shuts off original effect of stimulus, or reduces its intensity, causing variable to change in direction opposite to that of initial change, returning it to ideal value | negative feedback mechanism |
| result or response enhances original stimulus so that response is accelerated | positive feedback mechanism |
| positive feedback mechanisms are often referred to as | cascades |
| most diseases cause a disturbance to homeostasis, a condition called | homeostatic imbalance |
| source of homeostatic imbalance occurs when usual negative feedback mechanisms are __ and destructive positive feedback mechanisms take over | overwhelmed |
| toward head end/upper-part of structure or body; above | superior/cranial |
| away from head end/toward lower part of structure or body; below | inferior/caudal |
| toward or at front of body; in front of | ventral/anterior |
| toward or at back of body; behind | ventral/posterior |
| toward or at midline of body; on inner side of | medial |
| away from midline of body; on outer side of | lateral |
| closer to origin of body part or point of attachment of limb to body trunk | proximal |
| farther from origin of body part or point of attachment of limb to body trunk | distal |
| toward or at body surface | superficial/external |
| away from body surface; more internal | deep/internal |
| head is __ to abdomen | superior |
| navel is __ to chin | inferior |
| breastbone is __ to spine | anterior |
| heart is __ to breastbone | posterior |
| heart is __ to arm | medial |
| arms are __ to chest | lateral |
| collarbone is __ between breastbone and shoulder | intermediate |
| between a more medial and more lateral structure | intermediate |
| elbow is __ to wrist | proximal |
| knee is __ to thigh | distal |
| skin is __ to skeletal muscles | superficial |
| lungs are __ to skin | deep |
| is a standard body position called anatomical position | anatomical reference point |
| body erect w/feet slightly apart; palms face fwd and thumbs point away from body | anatomical position |
| allows us to explain where one body structure is in relation to another | directional terms |
| using anatomical terms saves __ and is less __ | words; ambiguous |
| 2 fundamental divisions of the body are | axial and appendicular |
| makes up main axis of body; incl head, neck, and trunk | axial |
| consists of appendages/limbs, which are attached to body's axis | appendicular |
| used to designate specific areas within major body division | regional terms |
| sagittal, frontal, and transverse are the three most common | body planes |
| sectioned parts of the body are named for the __ along which it is cut | plane |
| vertical plane that divides body into right and left parts | sagittal plane |
| sagittal plane that lies exactly in midline is called the median plane or __ plane | midsagittal |
| specific sagittal plane that lies exactly in the midline | midsagittal plane |
| all sagittal planes offset from midline are | parasagittal planes |
| lie vertical; however divide body into anterior/posterior parts | frontal plane |
| frontal plane is also called | coronal plane |
| transverse plane is also called | horizontal plane |
| planes running from right-left, dividing body/organ into superior and inferior parts | transverse/horizontal planes |
| many different transverse planes exist, from every possible __ from head-toe | level |
| transverse section is also called a(n) | cross section |
| new medical imaging devices produce __ images rather than 3D images | sectional |
| being/located near/on/toward upper surface of body; opposite of lower or ventral surface; has 2 subdivisions | dorsal cavity |
| dorsal cavity protects fragile __ system organs, brain/spinal cord | nervous |
| cavity that runs bony vertebral column, enclosing delicate spinal cord; part of dorsal cavity | vertebral/spinal cavity |
| cavity in the skull, encasing brain; part of dorsal cavity | cranial cavity |
| spinal cord is continuation of brain, making the __ and __ cavities continuous with one another | cranial; spinal |
| pertaining to the front/anterior; larger of closed body cavities | ventral body cavity |
| ventral body cavity has 2 major subdivisions, which are | thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities |
| ventral body cavity houses internal organs, which are collectively called | viscera/visceral organs |
| an organ in a body cavity | viscus |
| division of ventral body cavity that lies above diaphragm, is bounded peripherally by wall of chest, and contains heart/lungs | thoracic cavity |
| thoracic cavity is divided into lateral __ cavities that each envelope a lung | pleural |
| thoracic cavity division includes superior medial cavity, containing heart, great vessels, and trachea | mediastinum |
| fluid-filled space between the 2-layers of pericardium; within mediastinum; surrounding esophagus, trachea, and other thoracic organs | pericardial cavity |
| separates the thoracic cavity from abdominopelvic cavity; dome-shaped muscle important to breathing | diaphragm |
| 2-regions of __ cavity are not physically separated by muscular/membrane wall | abdominopelvic |
| superior portion of abdominopelvic cavity; lined by peritoneum, enclosed by body walls, diaphragm, and pelvic floor; contains visceral organs (as stomach, intestines, and liver) | abdominal cavity |
| inferior portion of abdominopelvic cavity; lies in bony pelvis and contains urinary bladder, some reproductive organs, and rectum | pelvic cavity |
| abdominal and pelvic cavities are not __ with one another | aligned |
| moist membrane found in closed ventral body cavities | serosa/serous membrane |
| walls of __ body cavity and outer surfaces of organs it contains are covered by serosa/serous membrane | ventral |
| part of double-layered membrane that lines walls of ventral body cavity | parietal serosa |
| part of double-layered membrane that lines outer surfaces of organs within ventral body cavity | visceral serosa |
| parietal serosa __ __ on itself to form visceral serosa | folds in |
| parietal serosa is never __ but is always fused to cavity wall | exposed |
| clear, watery fluid secreted by cells of a serous membrane; separates serous membranes; allows organs to slide without friction | serous fluid |
| serous membranes are named for specific __ and __ with which they are associated | cavity; organs |
| parietal pericardium lines __ cavity | pericardial |
| parietal pericardium folds back as visceral pericardium, which covers the | heart |
| lines walls of thoracic cavity | parietal pleurae |
| covers lungs | visceral pleurae |
| associated with wall of abdominopelvic cavity | parietal peritoneum |
| covers most of organs within abdominopelvic cavity | visceral peritoneum |
| RUQ | Right Upper Quadrant |
| LUQ | Left Upper Quadrant |
| RLQ | Right Lower Quadrant |
| LLQ | Left Lower Quadrant |
| transverse and median plane passes through umbilicus at right angles, resulting in | abdominopelvic quadrants |
| two transverse and two para sagittal planes, positioned like a tic-tac-toe grid on abdomen create | abdominopelvic regions |
| center-most region deep to and surrounding navel | umbilical region |
| located superior to umbilical region | epigastric region |
| upon, above | epi- |
| belly | gastri- |
| located inferior to umbilical region | hypogastric/pubic region |
| below | hypo- |
| located lateral to hypogastric region | right and left iliac/inguinal regions |
| superior part of hip bone | iliac |
| lie lateral to umbilical region | right and left lumbar regions |
| loin | lumbus |
| lie lateral to epigastric region | right and left hypochondriac regions |
| cartilage | chondro |
| commonly called mouth, contains teeth and tongue; part of and continuous w/cavity of digestive organs, which opens to exterior at anus | oral and digestive cavities |
| located within and posterior to nose, part of respiratory system passageways | nasal cavity |
| in skull; house eyes and present them in an anterior position | orbital cavities |
| in skull; lie just medial to eardrums; contain tiny bony that transmit sound vibrations to hearing receptors in inner ears | middle ear cavities |
| joint cavities; enclosed within fibrous capsules that surround freely moving joints | synovial cavities |
| membranes lining synovial cavities secrete __ fluid that reduces friction as bones move across one another | lubricating |
| regional term for: forehead | frontal |
| regional term for: eyes | orbital |
| regional term for: nose | nasal |
| regional term for: mouth | oral |
| regional term for: chin | mental |
| regional term for: anterior neck | cervical (anterior) |
| regional term for: middle of anterior thoracic | sternal |
| regional term for: armpit | axillary |
| regional term for: breast areas | mammary |
| regional term for: naval | umbilical |
| regional term for: inferior to umbilical | pelvic |
| regional term for: inferior to pelvic | inguinal/groin |
| regional term for: inferior to inguinal/groin | pubic/genital |
| regional term for: anterior tip of shoulder | acromial (anterior) |
| regional term for: anterior upper arm | brachial (anterior) |
| regional term for: inside/anterior elbow | antecubital |
| regional term for: anterior forearm | antebrachial (anterior) |
| regional term for: wrist | carpal |
| regional term for: hand | manus |
| regional term for: thumb | poliex |
| regional term for: palm of hand | palmar |
| regional term for: fingers and toes, excludes big toe and thumb | digital |
| regional term for: posterior to palm of hand | metacarpal |
| regional term for: posterior forearm | antebrachial (posterior) |
| regional term for: posterior elbow/bone-tip of elbow | olecranal |
| regional term for: posterior upper arm | brachial (posterior) |
| regional term for: posterior tip of shoulder | acromial (posterior) |
| regional term for: ear | otic |
| regional term for: back of head | occipital |
| regional term for: posterior neck | cervical (posterior) |
| regional term for: back | dorsal |
| regional term for: should blades | scapular |
| regional term for: spine | vertebral |
| regional term for: lateral to spinal column | lumbar |
| regional term for: medial to gluteal | sacral |
| regional term for: lateral to sacral | gluteal |
| regional term for: between anus and external genitalia | perineal |
| regional term for: hips | coxal |
| regional term for: anterior/posterior thigh | femoral |
| regional term for: anterior knee | patellar |
| regional term for: posterior knee | popliteal |
| regional term for: anterior leg/shin | crural |
| regional term for: posterior leg/calf of leg | sural |
| regional term for: lateral to calf/shin of leg | fibular/peroneal |
| regional term for: foot | pedal |
| regional term for: ankle | tarsal |
| regional term for: heel of foot | calcaneal |
| regional term for: bottom/arch of foot | plantar |
| regional term for: big toe of foot | hallux |
| regional term for: top of foot | metatarsal |
| formation of a platelet plug is an example of a(n) __ feedback mechanism | positive |
| positive feedback cycle for a platelet plug ends once | plug is formed |
| positive feedback cycle for a platelet plug is initiated when | break/tear occurs in blood vessel wall |
| once a break/tear occurs in blood vessel wall, in a positive feedback cycle for a platelet plug, platelets begin to | adhere to site and release chemicals |
| once platelets adhere to site and release chemicals, in a positive feedback cycle for a platelet plug, released chemicals | attract more platelets |
| in homeostasis, a(n) __ produces change in variable | stimulus |
| in homeostasis, a receptor detects __ | change |
| in homeostasis, input is info sent along afferent pathway to __ __ | control center |
| in homeostasis, output is info sent along efferent pathway to __ | effector |
| in homeostasis, response of effector feeds back to __ effect of stimulus and __ variable to homeostatic level | reduce; returns |
| pelvic cavity is __ to abdominal cavity | perpendicular |
| lines the pericardial cavity | parietal pericardium |
| covers the heart | visceral pericardium |
| lines the thoracic cavity | parietal pleura |
| covers the organs in the abdominopelvic cavity | visceral peritoneum |
| lines the abdominopelvic cavity | parietal peritoneum |
| cervical | neck |
| coxal | hip |
| acromial | point of shoulder |
| antcubital | front of elbow |
| occipital | back of head |
| vertebral | spinal column |
| buccal | cheek |
| otic | ear |
| plantar | sole |
| carpal | wrist |
| brachial | arm |
| inguinal | groin |
| popliteal | back of knee |
| pedal | foot |
| tarsal | ankle |
| mental | chin |
| olecranal | back of elbow |
| axillary | armpit |
| frontal | forehead |
| orbital | eye |
| interactions among molecules such as water, DNA, and proteins | chemical level |
| smallest units of living things | cells |
| similar cells with a common function | tissues |
| several tissues performing a specific function | organs |
| several organs integrated to do a major physiological task | organ systems |
| regulation of blood clotting is example of | positive feedback system |
| broken or damaged blood vessel is __ __ in positive feedback system | initial signal |
| blood platelets adhere to damaged site is __ to initial signal in positive feedback system | response |
| release chemicals that attract more platelets is __ of blood platelets in positive feedback system | action |
| blood clot seals tear in damaged blood vessel is | event that ends positive feedback loop |
| hypogastric region | lower-middle portion of abdomen |
| epigastric region | upper-middle portion of abdomen |
| right & left inguinal regions | abdominal regions lateral to hypogastric |
| left and right lumbar regions | abdominal regions lateral to umbilical region |
| right and left hypochondriac regions | abdominal regions lateral to epigastric region |
| example of negative feedback system | regulation of body temperature |
| effector | provides means to respond to stimulus |
| example of a regulated variable | temperature |
| receptor/sensor | monitors changes in environment |
| control center | determines set point & appropriate system response |
| abdominal cavity | contains stomach, intestines, & spleen |
| thoracic cavity | contains lungs & heart |
| pelvic cavity | contains bladder & rectum |
| cranial cavity | contains brain |
| vertebral cavity | contains spinal cord |
| oral cavity | contains teeth & tongue |
| nasal cavity | part of respiratory passages |
| orbital cavity | contains eyes |
| middle ear cavity | contains bones to transmit sound vibrations |
| synovial cavity | associated w/knee, elbow, & other joints |
| nervous system | contains brain & spinal cord |
| endocrine system | contains pituitary & thyroid glands |
| cardiovascular system | contains heart & blood vessels |
| urinary system | contains kidneys & bladder |
| reproductive system | contains testes & ovaries |
| function of nervous system | responds to internal & external stimuli |
| function of endocrine system | secretes hormones |
| function of cardiovascular system | pumps & transports blood |
| function of urinary system | eliminate nitrogenous wastes |
| function of reproductive system | produce sperm & eggs |
| cephalic | head |
| femoral | thigh |
| mammary | breast |
| crural | leg |
| antebrachial | forearm |
| integumentary system includes | skin, hair, and nails |
| skeletal system includes | bones, cartilage, and ligaments |
| respiratory system includes | trachea, bronchi, and lungs |
| digestive system includes | stomach, intestines, and liver |
| lymphatic system includes | spleen and white blood cells |
| function of respiratory system | supplies body w/oxygen & eliminates carbon dioxide waste |
| function of lymphatic system | defends the body from disease |
| function of digestive system | breaks down food |
| function of integumentary system | separates body's internal from external environment |
| function of muscular system | provides locomotion |
| excels in observing metabolic processes | positron emission tomography (PET) |
| synovial cavity lies between bones at a(n) | joint |
| decreases friction produced by movement of organs with which it is associated | serous fluid |
| __ __ of hollow organs is lined with epithelium | inner surface |
| covers the outer surface of organs in a body cavity | visceral serosa membrane |
| medical term for the lower right area of the trunk | right inguinal region |
| where the lungs are located | pleural cavity |
| cuts body diagonally between horizontal & vertical planes | oblique section |
| divides body in 2 equal but non-identical left & right parts along midline | midsagittal plane |
| included in the appendicular part of the body | upper limbs |
| if the human body temperature drops below 37° C | metabolic reactions become slower |
| responsiveness | physiological ability to sense changes in environment & respond to them |
| developmental anatomy traces structural changes that occur in body | throughout life span |
| visceral serosa cover | organs |
| visceral pericardium covers | a organ |
| microscopic anatomy requires | magnification to study |
| intelligence can be useful but is | not a necessary life function |
| skeletal system | produces blood cells |
| nervous system | works very quickly to control all changes in the body |
| spinal cord is located in __ body cavity | dorsal |
| release of oxytocin to increase strength of labor contractions is | example of positive feedback system |
| The spleen is the largest organ in | lymphatic system |
| respiratory system consists of | nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, & lungs |
| NOT one of three components of homeostatic control systems | stimulus (cause of the initial change) |
| dorsal body cavity houses | cranial & vertebral cavities |
| ventral body cavity houses | thoracic & abdominopelvic cavities |
| is made of approximately 20% oxygen | air |
| homeostatic imbalance has occurred when a(n) | person becomes ill |
| divides body into anterior & posterior parts | frontal/coronal, plane |
| person w/appendicitis will most often present w/pain in | RLQ |
| homeostasis is carried out in __ cell &, therefore, __ system | every; every |
| homeostasis requires a complex interplay of __ __ components | many cellular |
| tissues are made of groups of | related cells |
| is that some variable is out of balance & is brought back into balance | key to negative feedback |
| appendicular body contains | arms, legs, & their distal extensions |
| receptor, control center, and effectors are parts of ALL | homeostatic mechanisms |
| best defines physiology | study of how body parts work & carry out their life-sustaining activities |
| best describes macroscopic anatomy | study of large body structures visible to naked eye |
| embryology | subdivision of anatomy that deals w/developmental changes that occur before birth |
| this phenomenon exemplifies principle of complementarity of structure & function | blood flows in one direction through heart because heart has valves that prevent backflow |
| organismal level | represents sum total of all structural levels working together to keep us alive |
| exemplifies necessary life function of maintaining boundaries | human body as a whole is enclosed and protected by the integumentary system |
| metabolism includes | breaking down substances into their simpler building blocks, synthesizing complex cellular structures from simpler substances, & using nutrients & oxygen to produce ATP |
| result/response of positive feedback mechanisms | enhances original stimulus, & response is accelerated |
| directional terms allow us to explain | where one body structure is in relation to another |
| breastbone is ventral | to spine |
| chin is cranial | to navel |
| humans may differ in their external & internal | anatomies |
| well over 90% of all structures present in any human body match | textbook descriptions |
| extreme anatomical variations are seldom because | they are incompatible w/life |
| regional term designating limbs | appendicular part |
| coronal plane divides body into | anterior & posterior parts |
| vertical plane divides body into | right & left parts |
| thoracic & abdominopelvic cavities | ventral body cavity subdivision |
| serosa/serous membrane, can be found within | ventral body cavity |
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lfrancois
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