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A&PI - Ch 4
Tissue the Living Fabric - Epithelium
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| woven | tissu |
| allows body to function in sophisticated ways | cell specialization |
| epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues are | four basic tissues types |
| to make firm, stable, or stationary; to give a permanent or final form to; preserved for microscopic study | fixed |
| A cut through the body (or an organ) that is made along a particular plane; a thin slice of tissue prepared for microscopic study | sections |
| in order to enhance contrast for microscopic study a specimen must be | stained |
| most were originally developed by clothing manufacturers in mid-1800s | light microscopy stains |
| consist of - or + charged molecules (acid and base stains, respectively) which bind within tissue to macromolecules of opposite charge | dyes/stains |
| stains distinguish different __ __ because different parts of cells/tissues take up different dyes | anatomical structures |
| conventional electron microscope which produces an image of a cross-sectional slice of a specimen all points of which are illuminated by the electron beam at the same time | transmission electron microscopy (TEM) |
| for TEM tissues sections are stained with | heavy metal salts |
| in TEM, the metals in the stain deflect __ in the beam to different extents | electrons |
| TEM images are in shades of __ because color is property of light, not of electron waves | gray |
| beam of focused electrons moves across the object with 2ndary electrons produced by object and electrons scattered by object being collected to form a 3D image on a cathode-ray tube | scanning electron microscopy (SEM) |
| a product or formation in a microscopic preparation of fixed tissue/cell that is caused by manipulation/reagents and is not indicative of actual structural relationships | artifacts |
| most microscopic structures we view are not exactly like those in | living tissues |
| Pertaining to primary tissue that covers body surface, lines its internal cavities, and forms glands | epithelium/epithelial tissue |
| laid on, covering | epithe |
| forms outer layer of skin, dips into/lines open cavities of cardiovascular, digestive, and respiratory systems, and covers walls/organs of closed ventral body cavity | covering and lining epithelium |
| fashions glands of body | glandular epithelium |
| forms boundaries between different environments, and nearly all substances received/given off by body must pass through it | epithelia |
| protection, absorption, filtration, excretion, secretion, and sensory reception are all | functions of epithelium |
| secretion is the specialty of __ epithelium | glandular |
| upper free surface exposed to body exterior or cavity of an internal organ | apical |
| surface relating to, situated at, or forming the base | basal |
| cell regions near apical surface differ from those near basal surface in both structure and function | apical-basal polarity |
| apical-basal polarity is partly maintained by highly ordered __ of epithelial cells | cytoskeleton |
| tiny projections on the free surfaces of some epithelial cells; increase surface area for absorption | microvilli |
| some are smooth and slick, but most have microvilli | apical surfaces |
| microvilli tremendously increase __ surface area | exposed |
| stria of microvilli on the plasma membrane of an epithelial cell (as in a kidney tubule) that is specialized for absorption | brush border |
| tiny hairlike projections | cilia |
| lining of trachea have __ __ that propel substances along the free surface | motile cilia |
| thin supporting sheet that lies adjacent to basal free surface of epithelium | basal lamina |
| basal lamina is noncellular, adhesive sheet consisting largely of __ secreted by epithelial cells plus some fine __ fibers | glycoproteins; collagen |
| basal lamina acts as __ __ that determined which molecules diffusing from underlying connective tissue are allowed to enter epithelium | selective filter |
| basal lamina acts as scaffolding along which epithelial cells can migrate to | repair a wound |
| help keep proteins in apical region of plasma membrane from diffusing into basal region, helping to maintain epithelial polarity | tight junctions |
| specialized local thickening of the plasma membrane of an epithelial cell that serves to anchor contiguous cells together | desmosomes |
| tight junctions and desmosomes are considered epithelial | specialized contacts |
| all epithelial sheets rest upon and are supported by __ tissue | connective |
| layer of extracellular material containing fine network of collagen protein fibers | reticular lamina |
| together w/basal lamina, reticular lamina is major component of __ membrane. | basement |
| reinforces epithelial sheet, helping to resist stretching and tearing forces, also defines epithelial boundary | basement membrane |
| important characteristic is their failure to respect basement membrane boundary, which they penetrate to invade tissues beneath | cancerous epithelial cells |
| supplied by nerve fibers | innervated |
| contains no blood cells | avascular |
| epithelial cells are nourished by substances diffusing from blood cells in the underlying | connective tissues |
| epithelium has high __ capacity | regeneration |
| as long as epithelial cells receive adequate nutrition, they can replace lost cells by | cell division |
| indicates number of cell layers present | first epithelium name |
| describes shape of its cells | 2nd epithelium name |
| consists of single cell layer; typically found where absorption, secretion, and filtration occur and thin epithelial barrier is desirable | simple epithelia |
| composed of 2 or more cell layers stacked on top of the other, are common in high-abrasion areas where protection is important, such as skin surface of lining of mouth | stratified epithelia |
| in __ __, all epithelial cells have 6 somewhat irregular side | cross section |
| an apical surface view of epithelial sheet looks like | honeycomb |
| flattened and scale-like; nucleus is flattened disc | squamous cells |
| box-like; approx as tall as they are wide; nucleus is spherical | cuboidal cells |
| tall and column shaped; nucleus is elongated from top to bottom; usually located close to cell base | columnar cells |
| in each case of epithelial cells, the shape of the __ conforms to that of the cell | nucleus |
| all simple epithelial cells in the layer usually all have the | same shape |
| cell shapes usually differ among different cell layers; names according to shape in apical layer | stratified epithelia |
| flattened laterally, cytoplasm sparse; thin and often permeable; often found where filtration/exchange of substances by rapid diffusion is priority and protection not important | simple squamous epithelium |
| in surface view, close-fitting simple squamous epithelial cells resemble | tiled floor |
| when cut perpendicular to their free surface, simple squamous epithelial cells resemble __ __ seen from side, with cytoplasm wisping out from slightly bulging nucleus | fried eggs |
| in kidneys, simple squamous epithelium forms part of __ membrane | filtration |
| in lungs, simple squamous epithelium forms walls of air sacs across which __ __ occurs | gas exchange |
| there are 2 simple squamous epithelia in body which have specialized names of | endothelium and mesothelium |
| provides slick, friction-reducing lining in squamous epithelium found in lymphatic vessels and all hollow organs of cardiovascular system (blood vessels/heart) | endothelium |
| consists exclusively of endothelium, its exceptional thinness encourages efficient exchange of nutrients/wastes btwn bloodstream and surrounding tissues | capillaries |
| is squamous epithelium found in serous membranes lining ventral body cavity and covering its organs | mesothelium |
| consists of single layer of cells as tall as they are wide; spherical nuclei stain darkly causing cell layer to look like string of beads under microscope; functions are secretion and absorption | simple cuboidal epithelium |
| simple cuboidal epithelium forms wall of smallest duct of __ and of many __ tubules | glands; kidney |
| single layer of tall cells w/round to oval nuclei; some bear cilia; layer may contain mucus-secreting unicellular glands (goblet cells); closely packed cells | simple columnar epithelium |
| simple columnar epithelium lines __ __ from stomach to rectum | digestive tract |
| digestive tract is ideal for simple columnar epithelium because of its dense microvilli on apical surface of __ cells | absorptive |
| digestive tract is ideal for simple columnar epithelium because of its cells that secrete a protective __ mucus | lubricating |
| some simple columnar epithelia display __ on their free surface, which help to move substances or cells through an __ passageway | cilia; internal |
| vary in height; all cells rest on basement membrane, but only tallest reach free surface of epithelium; secretes/absorbs substances | pseudostratified columnar epithelium |
| because cell nuclei lie at different levels above basement membrane, tissue gives false impression that several cell layers are present, making it | pseudostratified |
| in pseudostratified columnar epithelium short cells are relatively __ and give rise to taller cells | unspecialized |
| ciliated version of pseudostratified columnar epithelium, containing mucus-secreting cells, lines most of | respiratory tract |
| here, pseudostratified columnar epithelium of the respiratory tract, __ __ propel sheets of dust-trapping mucus superiorly away from lungs | motile cilia |
| contain 2⁺ cell layers; regenerate from below; substantially more durable than simple epithelia; protection is their major, but not only, role | stratified epithelia |
| in stratified epithelia, basal cells divide and push __ to replace older surface cells | apically |
| most widespread of stratified epithelia; composed of several layers; thick and well suited for protective role; free surface cells are squamous, and cells of deeper layers are cuboidal/columnar | stratified squamous epithelium |
| stratified squamous epithelium is found in areas subject to wear/tear and its surface cells are constantly being __ away and replaced by division of it basal cells | rubbed |
| stratified squamous epithelium farther from basement membrane are less viable, due to distance from diffusion of nutrients coming from connective tissues, and those at apical surface are often flattened and __ | atrophied |
| stratified squamous epithelium forms external part of __ and a short distance into every body __ that is directly continuous with it | skin; opening |
| outer layer of the skin | epidermis |
| epidermis is __, meaning its surface cells contain a tough protective protein called __ | keratinized; keratin |
| excluding epidermis, all other stratified squamous epithelia of body are __ | nonkeratinized |
| rare in body; mostly found in ducts of some of larger glands (sweat/mammary glands); typically has 2 layers of cuboidal cells | stratified cuboidal and columnar epithelia |
| resembles both stratified squamous and cuboidal; basal cells cuboidal/columnar; surface cells dome shaped/squamous like, depending on degree of organ stretch | transitional epithelium |
| stretches readily and permits distention or urinary organ by contained urine | function of transitional epithelium |
| __ epithelium, line ureters, urinary bladder, and part of urethra | transitional |
| nonkeratinized __ __ epithelium forms moist linings of esophagus, mouth, and vagina | stratified squamous |
| keratinized stratified squamous epithelium forms the epidermis and __ __ | dry membrane |
| basal cells of stratified squamous epithelium are active in __ and produce the cells of more superficial layers | mitosis |
| located in male's sperm-carrying ducts and ducts of large glands | non-ciliated type of pseudostratified columnar epithelium |
| lines trachea and most of upper respiratory tract | ciliated type of pseudostratified columnar epithelium |
| __ __ epithelium are located in kidney tubules, ducts/secretory portions of small glands, and ovary surface | simple cuboidal |
| absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances, ciliated type propels mucus (or reproductive cells) by ciliary action | functions of simple columnar epithelium |
| lines most of digestive tract, gallbladder, and excretory ducts of some glands | non-ciliated type of simple columnar epithelium |
| lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and some regions of uterus | ciliated type of simple columnar epithelium |
| simple squamous epithelium secretes lubricating substances in | serosae |
| kidney glomeruli; air sacs of lungs; lining of heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels; lining of ventral body cavity (serosae) | location of simple squamous epithelium |
| small amounts found in pharynx, male urethra, and lining some small glandular ducts; occurs at transition area or junctions btwn 2 other types of epithelia | stratified columnar epithelia |
| only apical layer of stratified columnar epithelial cells is | columnar |
| when urinary bladder is distended with urine, __ epithelium thins from about 6 cell layers to 3, and its dome-like apical cells flatten and become squamous-like | transitional |
| aqueous fluid that usually contains proteins, but there is variation to lipid or steroid-rich fluid | secretion |
| secretion is a(n) __ process | active |
| glandular cells obtain needed substances from blood and transform them chemically into a product that is then discharged from the cell | active process of secretion |
| term secretion can refer to both the gland's __ and __ of making and releasing that product | product; process |
| internally secreting gland; ductless because eventually lose their ducts during formation process; structurally diverse | endocrine |
| numerous, externally secreting glands; all products secreted onto body surfaces or into body cavities | exocrine |
| glands are classified based on relative cell number making up the gland, as | unicellular or multicellular |
| one-celled; scattered within epithelial linings of intestinal and respiratory tracts amid columnar cells with other functions; examples include mucous and goblets cells | unicellular |
| many-celled; form by invagination or evagination from an epithelial sheet and at least initially, most have ducts, tube-like connection to the epithelial sheets | multicellular |
| inward growth | invagination |
| outward growth | evagination |
| steroidal/amino acid–based molecules released to blood that act as chemical messengers to regulate specific body functions | hormones |
| endocrine glands produce hormones that they secrete by __ directly into extracellular space | exocytosis |
| each hormone prompts its __ __ to respond in some characteristic way | target organ |
| most endocrine glands are __ organs | multicellular |
| some endocrine glands are individual hormone-producing cells scattered in digestive tract mucosa and brain, which gives rise to their collective description as the | diffuse endocrine system |
| endocrine gland secretions are __, ranging from modified amino acids to peptides, glycoproteins, and steroids | varied |
| not all endocrine glands are __ __ | epithelial derivatives |
| unicellular exocrine glands secrete their products __ onto a surface/into a cavity, by exocytosis | directly |
| multicellular exocrine glands secrete their products via a(n) __ __ that transports secretions to epithelial surfaces | epithelial-walled duct |
| exocrine gland that secretes bile | liver |
| exocrine gland that synthesizes digestive enzymes | pancreas |
| mucous, sweat, oil, and salivary glands, liver, pancreas are all | exocrine glands |
| complex glycoprotein that dissolves in water when secreted, creating mucus | mucin |
| mucin is produced by __ unicellular exocrine glands | all |
| sticky, thick fluid secreted by mucous glands and membranes; keeps free surface of membranes moist | mucus |
| individual cells (unicellular glands) that produce mucus; cuplike accumulation of mucin distend top of cell making cells look like glass w/stem | goblet cells |
| mucous cells do not __ like goblet cells | distort |
| consists of epithelium derived duct and secretory unit consisting of secretory cells | multicellular exocrine glands |
| any of the small sacs/alveoli that terminate ducts of some exocrine glands and are lined w/secretory cells | acinus |
| in multicellular exocrine glands, surrounds secretory unit and supplies it w/blood vessels and nerve fibers, and forms a fibrous capsule that extends into gland proper and divides gland into lobes | supportive connective tissue |
| multicellular exocrine glands are classified based on their duct structure as either | simple or compound |
| have an unbranched duct | simple multicellular exocrine glands |
| have a branched duct | compound multicellular exocrine glands |
| multicellular exocrine glands are classified based on their secretory units as | tubular, alveolar/acinar, or tubuloalveolar |
| if secretory cells of multicellular exocrine glands form tubes | tubular |
| if secretory cells of multicellular exocrine glands form small, flask-like sacs | alveolar/acinar |
| if secretory cells of multicellular exocrine glands if they have both secretory units | tubuloalveolar |
| small hollow cavity | alveolus |
| berrylike, used interchangeably w/alveolar | acinar |
| according to the mode of secretion multicellular exocrine glands can be described functionally as | merocrine or holocrine glands |
| multicellular exocrine glands that secrete their products by exocytosis as they are produced; secretory cells are not altered in any way; pancreas, most sweat glands, and salivary glands | merocrine glands |
| multicellular exocrine glands that accumulate their products within them until they rupture; secretions include synthesized product + dead cell fragments; replaced by division on underlying cells | holocrine glands |
| only true example of holocrine glands are | sebaceous glands |
| accumulate their product, but just only beneath free surface; apex of cell pinches off releasing secretory granules and small amount of cytoplasm; cell repairs damage and process repeats; only in animals not humans | apocrine glands |
| in kidneys, forms part of filtration membrane; in lungs, forms walls of air sacs across which gas exchange occurs | simple squamous |
| endothelium & mesothelium are made up of simple __ epithelial tissue | squamous |
| simple __ forms walls of smallest ducts of gland & of many kidney tubules | cuboidal |
| lines digestive tract from stomach to rectum | simple columnar |
| simple columnar epithelial cells have dense __ of apical surface of absorptive cells & cells that __ protective lubricating mucus | microvilli; secrete |
| found in kidney glomeruli; air sacs of lungs; lining of heart, blood vessels, & lymphatic vessels; lining of ventral body cavity | simple squamous epithelium |
| found in kidney tubules; ducts & secretory portions of small glands; ovary surface | simple cuboidal epithelium |
| lines most of digestive tract, gall bladder & excretory ducts of some glands | nonciliated simple columnar epithelium |
| lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, & some regions of uterus | ciliated simple columnar epithelium |
| found in male's sperm-carrying ducts & ducts of large glands | nonciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium |
| found in lining of trachea & most of upper respiratory tract | ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium |
| forms moist lining of esophagus, mouth & vagina | nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium |
| forms epidermis of skin & dry membranes | keratinized stratified squamous epithelium |
| lines ureters, urinary bladder, & part of urethra | transitional epithelium |
| very good at regenerating | epithelial tissue, bone, loose connective tissue, & blood |
| moderate regenerating capacity | smooth muscle & dense connective tissue |
| poor regenerating capacity | skeletal muscle & cartilage |
| no useful regeneration | nervous tissue & cardiac muscle |
| epithelial tissue embryonic origin | ectoderm, endoderm, & mesoderm |
| connective tissue & muscle tissue embryonic origin | mesoderm |
| nervous tissue embryonic origin | ectoderm |
| produces materials in connective tissue proper | fibroblast |
| produces extracellular matrix of cartilage | chondroblast |
| produces extracellular matrix of bone | osteoblast |
| produces blood cells | hematopoietic stem cell |
| allows voluntary movement to occur by changing position of bones | skeletal muscle |
| allows hollow organs to contract and propel materials through them (digestive organs, reproductive organs, etc.) | smooth muscle |
| pumps a liquid connective tissue through vessels | cardiac muscle |
| provides secretions for lubrication of organs enclosed within the body cavities | serous membranes |
| provides secretions that lubricate and protect areas that open to the outside of the body | mucous membranes |
| provides protection for outer surface of body | cutaneous membranes |
| primary tissue of the dermis | dense irregular connective tissue |
| located within the cardiovascular system | blood |
| primary tissue of ligaments and tendons | dense regular connective tissue |
| skeletal system | bones |
| forms embryonic skeleton and covers the ends of long bones | hyaline cartilage |
| ligaments; tendons; aponeuroses | dense regular connective tissue |
| bone marrow; spleen; lymph nodes | reticular connective tissue |
| intervertebral discs; pubis symphysis; menisci of knee joint | fibrocartilage |
| supports external ear, epiglottis | elastic cartilage |
| hypodermis; in mesenteries; surrounding kidneys; posterior to eyeballs | adipose |
| secrete histamine | mast cells |
| produce antibodies | plasma cells |
| produce collagen, elastic, & reticular fibers | fibroblasts |
| phagocytic cells that engulf foreign matter | macrophages |
| store fat molecules | adipocytes |
| these long, thin, branching fibers form wide networks within the extracellular matrix and possess the ability to stretch and then return to their original length | elastic fibers |
| these short branching fibers cluster into delicate networks and have the ability to glide freely across one another whenever the network is pulled, allowing give | reticular fibers |
| strongest and most abundant fibers, they allow connective tissues to resist tension | collagen fibers |
| no blood vessels; abundant nerve endings | avascular but innervated |
| two laminae forming a basement membrane | supported by connective tissue |
| tissue with a free apical surface | polarity |
| desmosomes; tight junctions | specialized contacts |
| rapidly replace lost cells by cell division | regeneration |
| walls of smallest ducts of glands and kidney tubules | simple cuboidal |
| upper respiratory tract | pseudostratified ciliated columnar |
| walls of the air sacs of the lungs and lining blood vessels | simple squamous |
| lines the urinary bladder | transitional |
| skin | keratinized stratified squamous |
| during the process of tissue repair, which of the following processes produces scar tissue | fibrosis |
| embryonic ectoderm develops into which of the following major tissue types | epithelial tissue and nervous tissue |
| what type of tissue forms tendons? | dense regular connective tissue |
| basement membrane is located between which of the following tissue types | epithelial and connective |
| type of epithelial tissue lines the interior of blood vessels | endothelium |
| unicellular gland is associated with mucus production | goblet cell |
| which of the following apical epithelial cell structures functions in the movement of materials across the surface of the cell | Cilia |
| which of the following best describes a squamous-shaped cell | flattened, scale-like cell |
| which of the following epithelial tissue types is best adapted for the rapid transport of materials across its membranes | simple squamous |
| which of the following is NOT a function of areolar connective tissue | movement of body parts |
| which of the following is NOT a function of epithelial tissues | control |
| which of the following is NOT an example of connective tissue | transitional |
| which of the following tissues lines the majority of the digestive tract | simple columnar |
| which of the following types of epithelial tissue provides the greatest amount of protection | stratified squamous |
| which of the following indicates the proper sequence of tissue repair | tissue damage, blood clotting, scab formation, organization, fibrosis, regeneration |
| which of the following are functional characteristics of epithelial tissue | secretion, protection, absorption, filtration |
| mucous that protects your stomach lining is secreted by a specialized type of | simple columnar epithelial cell |
| __ cells are simple columnar epithelial cells | Goblet |
| type of connective tissue that provides primary support and protection for body structures is | osseous tissue |
| nervous tissue sends electrical signals to | control the body |
| found on the surface of the skin | stratified squamous epithelium |
| minor distortions seen in cells from staining procedures | artifacts |
| microvilli are found on the ________ of the cell | apical surface |
| epithelial cells are __ by connective tissue | supported |
| presence of keratin provides a tough protective characteristic to | stratified squamous epithelium |
| __ gland stores its secretion until the gland ruptures | holocrine |
| connective tissue arises from __ embryonic tissue | mesoderm |
| flat sheath-like tendon that connects muscle to bone is known as a(n) | aponeurosis |
| blood is considered a connective tissue because | it arises from mesenchymal tissue |
| stroma of most solid organs is composed of | reticular connective tissue |
| fibrosis involves proliferation of __ connective tissue called scar tissue. | fibrous |
| inflammation is the __ __ to trauma that allows later events of repair to occur | first reaction |
| adhesions often cause problems after surgery by preventing __ __ of internal organs | normal functioning |
| adhesions are areas where new scar tissue grows and __ __ organs after surgery | connects adjacent |
| a(n) __ is found on a body surface or lining a body cavity | epithelium |
| brown adipose tissue, found only in babies, contains many lipid droplets and numerous mitochondria that use __ __ to heat the bloodstream and warm the infant | lipid fuel |
| epithelium is __ & receives nutrients from capillaries in underlying connective tissues | avascular |
| region of the basement membrane; a thin, non-cellular sheet, consisting of proteins secreted by epithelial tissue cells | basal lamina |
| inflammation is a __, __ response that limits damage to the injury site while the immune response destroys particular infectious microorganisms and foreign molecules at the site of infection and throughout the body | nonspecific; local |
| microvilli maximize the surface area across which small molecules enter or leave cells and __ __ involved in the movement of materials across the surface of a cell | are NOT |
| epithelial tissue forms most of the body's __ | glands |
| mucosa lines the inside of __ __ organs that open to the outside of the body | hollow internal |
| mesothelium lines __ __ | closed cavities |
| serous membrane, lining ventral body cavity walls & viscera, consists of a __ __ epithelium lying on thin layer of __ connective tissue | simple squamous; areolar |
| acts to rid the body of the harmful agent, prevent further injury, and restore the tissue to a healthy condition | inflammation |
| replacement of destroyed tissue with the same kind of tissue | regeneration |
| basic functional unit of bone tissue | osteon |
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