Tissue the Living Fabric - Epithelium
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| woven | tissu
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| allows body to function in sophisticated ways | cell specialization
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| epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues are | four basic tissues types
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| to make firm, stable, or stationary; to give a permanent or final form to; preserved for microscopic study | fixed
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| A cut through the body (or an organ) that is made along a particular plane; a thin slice of tissue prepared for microscopic study | sections
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| in order to enhance contrast for microscopic study a specimen must be | stained
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| most were originally developed by clothing manufacturers in mid-1800s | light microscopy stains
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| consist of - or + charged molecules (acid and base stains, respectively) which bind within tissue to macromolecules of opposite charge | dyes/stains
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| stains distinguish different __ __ because different parts of cells/tissues take up different dyes | anatomical structures
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| conventional electron microscope which produces an image of a cross-sectional slice of a specimen all points of which are illuminated by the electron beam at the same time | transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
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| for TEM tissues sections are stained with | heavy metal salts
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| in TEM, the metals in the stain deflect __ in the beam to different extents | electrons
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| TEM images are in shades of __ because color is property of light, not of electron waves | gray
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| beam of focused electrons moves across the object with 2ndary electrons produced by object and electrons scattered by object being collected to form a 3D image on a cathode-ray tube | scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
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| a product or formation in a microscopic preparation of fixed tissue/cell that is caused by manipulation/reagents and is not indicative of actual structural relationships | artifacts
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| most microscopic structures we view are not exactly like those in | living tissues
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| Pertaining to primary tissue that covers body surface, lines its internal cavities, and forms glands | epithelium/epithelial tissue
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| laid on, covering | epithe
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| forms outer layer of skin, dips into/lines open cavities of cardiovascular, digestive, and respiratory systems, and covers walls/organs of closed ventral body cavity | covering and lining epithelium
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| fashions glands of body | glandular epithelium
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| forms boundaries between different environments, and nearly all substances received/given off by body must pass through it | epithelia
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| protection, absorption, filtration, excretion, secretion, and sensory reception are all | functions of epithelium
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| secretion is the specialty of __ epithelium | glandular
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| upper free surface exposed to body exterior or cavity of an internal organ | apical
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| surface relating to, situated at, or forming the base | basal
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| cell regions near apical surface differ from those near basal surface in both structure and function | apical-basal polarity
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| apical-basal polarity is partly maintained by highly ordered __ of epithelial cells | cytoskeleton
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| tiny projections on the free surfaces of some epithelial cells; increase surface area for absorption | microvilli
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| some are smooth and slick, but most have microvilli | apical surfaces
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| microvilli tremendously increase __ surface area | exposed
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| stria of microvilli on the plasma membrane of an epithelial cell (as in a kidney tubule) that is specialized for absorption | brush border
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| tiny hairlike projections | cilia
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| lining of trachea have __ __ that propel substances along the free surface | motile cilia
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| thin supporting sheet that lies adjacent to basal free surface of epithelium | basal lamina
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| basal lamina is noncellular, adhesive sheet consisting largely of __ secreted by epithelial cells plus some fine __ fibers | glycoproteins; collagen
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| basal lamina acts as __ __ that determined which molecules diffusing from underlying connective tissue are allowed to enter epithelium | selective filter
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| basal lamina acts as scaffolding along which epithelial cells can migrate to | repair a wound
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| help keep proteins in apical region of plasma membrane from diffusing into basal region, helping to maintain epithelial polarity | tight junctions
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| specialized local thickening of the plasma membrane of an epithelial cell that serves to anchor contiguous cells together | desmosomes
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| tight junctions and desmosomes are considered epithelial | specialized contacts
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| all epithelial sheets rest upon and are supported by __ tissue | connective
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| layer of extracellular material containing fine network of collagen protein fibers | reticular lamina
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| together w/basal lamina, reticular lamina is major component of __ membrane. | basement
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| reinforces epithelial sheet, helping to resist stretching and tearing forces, also defines epithelial boundary | basement membrane
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| important characteristic is their failure to respect basement membrane boundary, which they penetrate to invade tissues beneath | cancerous epithelial cells
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| supplied by nerve fibers | innervated
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| contains no blood cells | avascular
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| epithelial cells are nourished by substances diffusing from blood cells in the underlying | connective tissues
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| epithelium has high __ capacity | regeneration
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| as long as epithelial cells receive adequate nutrition, they can replace lost cells by | cell division
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| indicates number of cell layers present | first epithelium name
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| describes shape of its cells | 2nd epithelium name
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| consists of single cell layer; typically found where absorption, secretion, and filtration occur and thin epithelial barrier is desirable | simple epithelia
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| composed of 2 or more cell layers stacked on top of the other, are common in high-abrasion areas where protection is important, such as skin surface of lining of mouth | stratified epithelia
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| in __ __, all epithelial cells have 6 somewhat irregular side | cross section
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| an apical surface view of epithelial sheet looks like | honeycomb
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| flattened and scale-like; nucleus is flattened disc | squamous cells
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| box-like; approx as tall as they are wide; nucleus is spherical | cuboidal cells
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| tall and column shaped; nucleus is elongated from top to bottom; usually located close to cell base | columnar cells
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| in each case of epithelial cells, the shape of the __ conforms to that of the cell | nucleus
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| all simple epithelial cells in the layer usually all have the | same shape
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| cell shapes usually differ among different cell layers; names according to shape in apical layer | stratified epithelia
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| flattened laterally, cytoplasm sparse; thin and often permeable; often found where filtration/exchange of substances by rapid diffusion is priority and protection not important | simple squamous epithelium
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| in surface view, close-fitting simple squamous epithelial cells resemble | tiled floor
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| when cut perpendicular to their free surface, simple squamous epithelial cells resemble __ __ seen from side, with cytoplasm wisping out from slightly bulging nucleus | fried eggs
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| in kidneys, simple squamous epithelium forms part of __ membrane | filtration
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| in lungs, simple squamous epithelium forms walls of air sacs across which __ __ occurs | gas exchange
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| there are 2 simple squamous epithelia in body which have specialized names of | endothelium and mesothelium
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| provides slick, friction-reducing lining in squamous epithelium found in lymphatic vessels and all hollow organs of cardiovascular system (blood vessels/heart) | endothelium
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| consists exclusively of endothelium, its exceptional thinness encourages efficient exchange of nutrients/wastes btwn bloodstream and surrounding tissues | capillaries
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| is squamous epithelium found in serous membranes lining ventral body cavity and covering its organs | mesothelium
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| consists of single layer of cells as tall as they are wide; spherical nuclei stain darkly causing cell layer to look like string of beads under microscope; functions are secretion and absorption | simple cuboidal epithelium
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| simple cuboidal epithelium forms wall of smallest duct of __ and of many __ tubules | glands; kidney
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| single layer of tall cells w/round to oval nuclei; some bear cilia; layer may contain mucus-secreting unicellular glands (goblet cells); closely packed cells | simple columnar epithelium
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| simple columnar epithelium lines __ __ from stomach to rectum | digestive tract
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| digestive tract is ideal for simple columnar epithelium because of its dense microvilli on apical surface of __ cells | absorptive
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| digestive tract is ideal for simple columnar epithelium because of its cells that secrete a protective __ mucus | lubricating
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| some simple columnar epithelia display __ on their free surface, which help to move substances or cells through an __ passageway | cilia; internal
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| vary in height; all cells rest on basement membrane, but only tallest reach free surface of epithelium; secretes/absorbs substances | pseudostratified columnar epithelium
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| because cell nuclei lie at different levels above basement membrane, tissue gives false impression that several cell layers are present, making it | pseudostratified
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| in pseudostratified columnar epithelium short cells are relatively __ and give rise to taller cells | unspecialized
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| ciliated version of pseudostratified columnar epithelium, containing mucus-secreting cells, lines most of | respiratory tract
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| here, pseudostratified columnar epithelium of the respiratory tract, __ __ propel sheets of dust-trapping mucus superiorly away from lungs | motile cilia
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| contain 2⁺ cell layers; regenerate from below; substantially more durable than simple epithelia; protection is their major, but not only, role | stratified epithelia
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| in stratified epithelia, basal cells divide and push __ to replace older surface cells | apically
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| most widespread of stratified epithelia; composed of several layers; thick and well suited for protective role; free surface cells are squamous, and cells of deeper layers are cuboidal/columnar | stratified squamous epithelium
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| stratified squamous epithelium is found in areas subject to wear/tear and its surface cells are constantly being __ away and replaced by division of it basal cells | rubbed
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| stratified squamous epithelium farther from basement membrane are less viable, due to distance from diffusion of nutrients coming from connective tissues, and those at apical surface are often flattened and __ | atrophied
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| stratified squamous epithelium forms external part of __ and a short distance into every body __ that is directly continuous with it | skin; opening
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| outer layer of the skin | epidermis
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| epidermis is __, meaning its surface cells contain a tough protective protein called __ | keratinized; keratin
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| excluding epidermis, all other stratified squamous epithelia of body are __ | nonkeratinized
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| rare in body; mostly found in ducts of some of larger glands (sweat/mammary glands); typically has 2 layers of cuboidal cells | stratified cuboidal and columnar epithelia
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| resembles both stratified squamous and cuboidal; basal cells cuboidal/columnar; surface cells dome shaped/squamous like, depending on degree of organ stretch | transitional epithelium
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| stretches readily and permits distention or urinary organ by contained urine | function of transitional epithelium
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| __ epithelium, line ureters, urinary bladder, and part of urethra | transitional
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| nonkeratinized __ __ epithelium forms moist linings of esophagus, mouth, and vagina | stratified squamous
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| keratinized stratified squamous epithelium forms the epidermis and __ __ | dry membrane
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| basal cells of stratified squamous epithelium are active in __ and produce the cells of more superficial layers | mitosis
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| located in male's sperm-carrying ducts and ducts of large glands | non-ciliated type of pseudostratified columnar epithelium
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| lines trachea and most of upper respiratory tract | ciliated type of pseudostratified columnar epithelium
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| __ __ epithelium are located in kidney tubules, ducts/secretory portions of small glands, and ovary surface | simple cuboidal
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| absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances, ciliated type propels mucus (or reproductive cells) by ciliary action | functions of simple columnar epithelium
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| lines most of digestive tract, gallbladder, and excretory ducts of some glands | non-ciliated type of simple columnar epithelium
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| lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and some regions of uterus | ciliated type of simple columnar epithelium
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| simple squamous epithelium secretes lubricating substances in | serosae
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| kidney glomeruli; air sacs of lungs; lining of heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels; lining of ventral body cavity (serosae) | location of simple squamous epithelium
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| small amounts found in pharynx, male urethra, and lining some small glandular ducts; occurs at transition area or junctions btwn 2 other types of epithelia | stratified columnar epithelia
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| only apical layer of stratified columnar epithelial cells is | columnar
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| when urinary bladder is distended with urine, __ epithelium thins from about 6 cell layers to 3, and its dome-like apical cells flatten and become squamous-like | transitional
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| aqueous fluid that usually contains proteins, but there is variation to lipid or steroid-rich fluid | secretion
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| secretion is a(n) __ process | active
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| glandular cells obtain needed substances from blood and transform them chemically into a product that is then discharged from the cell | active process of secretion
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| term secretion can refer to both the gland's __ and __ of making and releasing that product | product; process
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| internally secreting gland; ductless because eventually lose their ducts during formation process; structurally diverse | endocrine
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| numerous, externally secreting glands; all products secreted onto body surfaces or into body cavities | exocrine
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| glands are classified based on relative cell number making up the gland, as | unicellular or multicellular
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| one-celled; scattered within epithelial linings of intestinal and respiratory tracts amid columnar cells with other functions; examples include mucous and goblets cells | unicellular
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| many-celled; form by invagination or evagination from an epithelial sheet and at least initially, most have ducts, tube-like connection to the epithelial sheets | multicellular
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| inward growth | invagination
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| outward growth | evagination
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| steroidal/amino acid–based molecules released to blood that act as chemical messengers to regulate specific body functions | hormones
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| endocrine glands produce hormones that they secrete by __ directly into extracellular space | exocytosis
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| each hormone prompts its __ __ to respond in some characteristic way | target organ
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| most endocrine glands are __ organs | multicellular
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| some endocrine glands are individual hormone-producing cells scattered in digestive tract mucosa and brain, which gives rise to their collective description as the | diffuse endocrine system
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| endocrine gland secretions are __, ranging from modified amino acids to peptides, glycoproteins, and steroids | varied
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| not all endocrine glands are __ __ | epithelial derivatives
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| unicellular exocrine glands secrete their products __ onto a surface/into a cavity, by exocytosis | directly
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| multicellular exocrine glands secrete their products via a(n) __ __ that transports secretions to epithelial surfaces | epithelial-walled duct
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| exocrine gland that secretes bile | liver
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| exocrine gland that synthesizes digestive enzymes | pancreas
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| mucous, sweat, oil, and salivary glands, liver, pancreas are all | exocrine glands
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| complex glycoprotein that dissolves in water when secreted, creating mucus | mucin
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| mucin is produced by __ unicellular exocrine glands | all
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| sticky, thick fluid secreted by mucous glands and membranes; keeps free surface of membranes moist | mucus
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| individual cells (unicellular glands) that produce mucus; cuplike accumulation of mucin distend top of cell making cells look like glass w/stem | goblet cells
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| mucous cells do not __ like goblet cells | distort
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| consists of epithelium derived duct and secretory unit consisting of secretory cells | multicellular exocrine glands
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| any of the small sacs/alveoli that terminate ducts of some exocrine glands and are lined w/secretory cells | acinus
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| in multicellular exocrine glands, surrounds secretory unit and supplies it w/blood vessels and nerve fibers, and forms a fibrous capsule that extends into gland proper and divides gland into lobes | supportive connective tissue
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| multicellular exocrine glands are classified based on their duct structure as either | simple or compound
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| have an unbranched duct | simple multicellular exocrine glands
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| have a branched duct | compound multicellular exocrine glands
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| multicellular exocrine glands are classified based on their secretory units as | tubular, alveolar/acinar, or tubuloalveolar
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| if secretory cells of multicellular exocrine glands form tubes | tubular
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| if secretory cells of multicellular exocrine glands form small, flask-like sacs | alveolar/acinar
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| if secretory cells of multicellular exocrine glands if they have both secretory units | tubuloalveolar
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| small hollow cavity | alveolus
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| berrylike, used interchangeably w/alveolar | acinar
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| according to the mode of secretion multicellular exocrine glands can be described functionally as | merocrine or holocrine glands
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| multicellular exocrine glands that secrete their products by exocytosis as they are produced; secretory cells are not altered in any way; pancreas, most sweat glands, and salivary glands | merocrine glands
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| multicellular exocrine glands that accumulate their products within them until they rupture; secretions include synthesized product + dead cell fragments; replaced by division on underlying cells | holocrine glands
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| only true example of holocrine glands are | sebaceous glands
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| accumulate their product, but just only beneath free surface; apex of cell pinches off releasing secretory granules and small amount of cytoplasm; cell repairs damage and process repeats; only in animals not humans | apocrine glands
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| in kidneys, forms part of filtration membrane; in lungs, forms walls of air sacs across which gas exchange occurs | simple squamous
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| endothelium & mesothelium are made up of simple __ epithelial tissue | squamous
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| simple __ forms walls of smallest ducts of gland & of many kidney tubules | cuboidal
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| lines digestive tract from stomach to rectum | simple columnar
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| simple columnar epithelial cells have dense __ of apical surface of absorptive cells & cells that __ protective lubricating mucus | microvilli; secrete
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| found in kidney glomeruli; air sacs of lungs; lining of heart, blood vessels, & lymphatic vessels; lining of ventral body cavity | simple squamous epithelium
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| found in kidney tubules; ducts & secretory portions of small glands; ovary surface | simple cuboidal epithelium
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| lines most of digestive tract, gall bladder & excretory ducts of some glands | nonciliated simple columnar epithelium
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| lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, & some regions of uterus | ciliated simple columnar epithelium
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| found in male's sperm-carrying ducts & ducts of large glands | nonciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
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| found in lining of trachea & most of upper respiratory tract | ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
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| forms moist lining of esophagus, mouth & vagina | nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
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| forms epidermis of skin & dry membranes | keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
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| lines ureters, urinary bladder, & part of urethra | transitional epithelium
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| very good at regenerating | epithelial tissue, bone, loose connective tissue, & blood
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| moderate regenerating capacity | smooth muscle & dense connective tissue
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| poor regenerating capacity | skeletal muscle & cartilage
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| no useful regeneration | nervous tissue & cardiac muscle
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| epithelial tissue embryonic origin | ectoderm, endoderm, & mesoderm
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| connective tissue & muscle tissue embryonic origin | mesoderm
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| nervous tissue embryonic origin | ectoderm
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| produces materials in connective tissue proper | fibroblast
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| produces extracellular matrix of cartilage | chondroblast
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| produces extracellular matrix of bone | osteoblast
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| produces blood cells | hematopoietic stem cell
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| allows voluntary movement to occur by changing position of bones | skeletal muscle
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| allows hollow organs to contract and propel materials through them (digestive organs, reproductive organs, etc.) | smooth muscle
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| pumps a liquid connective tissue through vessels | cardiac muscle
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| provides secretions for lubrication of organs enclosed within the body cavities | serous membranes
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| provides secretions that lubricate and protect areas that open to the outside of the body | mucous membranes
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| provides protection for outer surface of body | cutaneous membranes
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| primary tissue of the dermis | dense irregular connective tissue
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| located within the cardiovascular system | blood
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| primary tissue of ligaments and tendons | dense regular connective tissue
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| skeletal system | bones
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| forms embryonic skeleton and covers the ends of long bones | hyaline cartilage
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| ligaments; tendons; aponeuroses | dense regular connective tissue
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| bone marrow; spleen; lymph nodes | reticular connective tissue
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| intervertebral discs; pubis symphysis; menisci of knee joint | fibrocartilage
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| supports external ear, epiglottis | elastic cartilage
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| hypodermis; in mesenteries; surrounding kidneys; posterior to eyeballs | adipose
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| secrete histamine | mast cells
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| produce antibodies | plasma cells
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| produce collagen, elastic, & reticular fibers | fibroblasts
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| phagocytic cells that engulf foreign matter | macrophages
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| store fat molecules | adipocytes
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| these long, thin, branching fibers form wide networks within the extracellular matrix and possess the ability to stretch and then return to their original length | elastic fibers
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| these short branching fibers cluster into delicate networks and have the ability to glide freely across one another whenever the network is pulled, allowing give | reticular fibers
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| strongest and most abundant fibers, they allow connective tissues to resist tension | collagen fibers
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| no blood vessels; abundant nerve endings | avascular but innervated
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| two laminae forming a basement membrane | supported by connective tissue
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| tissue with a free apical surface | polarity
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| desmosomes; tight junctions | specialized contacts
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| rapidly replace lost cells by cell division | regeneration
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| walls of smallest ducts of glands and kidney tubules | simple cuboidal
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| upper respiratory tract | pseudostratified ciliated columnar
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| walls of the air sacs of the lungs and lining blood vessels | simple squamous
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| lines the urinary bladder | transitional
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| skin | keratinized stratified squamous
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| during the process of tissue repair, which of the following processes produces scar tissue | fibrosis
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| embryonic ectoderm develops into which of the following major tissue types | epithelial tissue and nervous tissue
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| what type of tissue forms tendons? | dense regular connective tissue
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| basement membrane is located between which of the following tissue types | epithelial and connective
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| type of epithelial tissue lines the interior of blood vessels | endothelium
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| unicellular gland is associated with mucus production | goblet cell
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| which of the following apical epithelial cell structures functions in the movement of materials across the surface of the cell | Cilia
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| which of the following best describes a squamous-shaped cell | flattened, scale-like cell
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| which of the following epithelial tissue types is best adapted for the rapid transport of materials across its membranes | simple squamous
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| which of the following is NOT a function of areolar connective tissue | movement of body parts
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| which of the following is NOT a function of epithelial tissues | control
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| which of the following is NOT an example of connective tissue | transitional
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| which of the following tissues lines the majority of the digestive tract | simple columnar
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| which of the following types of epithelial tissue provides the greatest amount of protection | stratified squamous
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| which of the following indicates the proper sequence of tissue repair | tissue damage, blood clotting, scab formation, organization, fibrosis, regeneration
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| which of the following are functional characteristics of epithelial tissue | secretion, protection, absorption, filtration
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| mucous that protects your stomach lining is secreted by a specialized type of | simple columnar epithelial cell
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| __ cells are simple columnar epithelial cells | Goblet
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| type of connective tissue that provides primary support and protection for body structures is | osseous tissue
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| nervous tissue sends electrical signals to | control the body
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| found on the surface of the skin | stratified squamous epithelium
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| minor distortions seen in cells from staining procedures | artifacts
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| microvilli are found on the ________ of the cell | apical surface
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| epithelial cells are __ by connective tissue | supported
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| presence of keratin provides a tough protective characteristic to | stratified squamous epithelium
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| __ gland stores its secretion until the gland ruptures | holocrine
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| connective tissue arises from __ embryonic tissue | mesoderm
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| flat sheath-like tendon that connects muscle to bone is known as a(n) | aponeurosis
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| blood is considered a connective tissue because | it arises from mesenchymal tissue
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| stroma of most solid organs is composed of | reticular connective tissue
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| fibrosis involves proliferation of __ connective tissue called scar tissue. | fibrous
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| inflammation is the __ __ to trauma that allows later events of repair to occur | first reaction
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| adhesions often cause problems after surgery by preventing __ __ of internal organs | normal functioning
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| adhesions are areas where new scar tissue grows and __ __ organs after surgery | connects adjacent
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| a(n) __ is found on a body surface or lining a body cavity | epithelium
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| brown adipose tissue, found only in babies, contains many lipid droplets and numerous mitochondria that use __ __ to heat the bloodstream and warm the infant | lipid fuel
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| epithelium is __ & receives nutrients from capillaries in underlying connective tissues | avascular
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| region of the basement membrane; a thin, non-cellular sheet, consisting of proteins secreted by epithelial tissue cells | basal lamina
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| inflammation is a __, __ response that limits damage to the injury site while the immune response destroys particular infectious microorganisms and foreign molecules at the site of infection and throughout the body | nonspecific; local
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| microvilli maximize the surface area across which small molecules enter or leave cells and __ __ involved in the movement of materials across the surface of a cell | are NOT
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| epithelial tissue forms most of the body's __ | glands
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| mucosa lines the inside of __ __ organs that open to the outside of the body | hollow internal
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| mesothelium lines __ __ | closed cavities
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| serous membrane, lining ventral body cavity walls & viscera, consists of a __ __ epithelium lying on thin layer of __ connective tissue | simple squamous; areolar
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| acts to rid the body of the harmful agent, prevent further injury, and restore the tissue to a healthy condition | inflammation
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| replacement of destroyed tissue with the same kind of tissue | regeneration
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| basic functional unit of bone tissue | osteon
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