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AP Human Geo Vocab
Terms for AP Human Geography chapters one through nine
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Distribution | the arrangement of a feature in space |
| Density | the frequency with which something occurs in space |
| Arithmetic Density | the total number of objects in an area |
| Physiological Density | the number of persons per unit of area suitable for agriculture |
| Agricultural Density | the numer of farmers per unit of area of farmland |
| Concentration | the extent of a feature's spread over space |
| Pattern | the geometric arrangement of objects in space |
| Map | a two dimensional or flat scale model of earth's surface |
| Cartography | the science of mapmaking |
| Remote sensing | the acquisition of data about earth's surface from a satellite orbiting earth or from other long distance methods |
| Geographic Information System (GIS) | a high performance computer system that processes geographic data |
| Location | the position that something occupies on earth's surface |
| Toponym | the name given to a place on earth |
| Site | the physical character of a place |
| Situation | the location of a place relative to other places |
| Meridian | an arc drawn between the North and South poles |
| Parallel | a circle drawn around the globe parallel to the equator and at right angles to the meridians |
| Longitude | the numbering system by which the location of each meridian is identified |
| Prime meridian | 0 degrees longitude |
| Latitude | the numbering system to indicate the location of a parallel |
| Greenwhich mean time | the time in the time zone encompassing the prime meridian |
| International date line | The line where the clock sets forward or backward 24 hours |
| Region | An area distinguished by a unique combination of trends or features |
| Regional studies | an approach to geography that emphasizes the relationships among social and physical phenomena |
| Formal region | an area within which everyone shares in common one of more distinctive characteristics |
| Functional region | an area organized around a node or focal point |
| Vernacular region | a place that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity |
| Culture | the body of customary beliefs material reaits and social forms that together constitute the distinct tradition of a group of people |
| Cultural Ecology | The geographic study of human environment relationships |
| Environmental determinism | the approach that human actions were scientifically caused by environmental conditions |
| Possibilism | the theory that the physical environment may limit some human actions but people have the ability to adjust to their environment |
| Resources | substances with usefulness |
| Podler | a peice of land that is created by draining water from an area |
| Scale | the relation of a feature's size on a map and its actual size on earh's surface |
| Globalization | a force or process that involves the entire world and results in making something worldwide in scope |
| Transnational Corporation | a corporation that conducts reasearch operates factories and sells products in many countries |
| Space time compression | the reduction in the time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place |
| Distance decay | the diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin |
| Diffusion | the process by which a characteristic spreads across space from one place to another over time |
| Hearth | the place from which an innovation originates |
| Relocation Diffusion | the spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another |
| Expansion Diffusion | the spread of a feature ftom one place to another in a snowballing process |
| hierachical diffusion | the spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority or power to the other persons or places |
| Contagious Diffusion | the rapid widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population |
| Stimulus diffusion | the spread of an underlying principle even though a characteristic itself apparently fails to diffuse |
| Uneven development | the increasing gap in economic conditions between core and peripheral regions as a result of the globalization of the economy |
| Demography | the scientific study of population characteristics |
| Overpopulation | the number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard |
| Ecumene | the portion of earths surface occupied by permanent human settlement |
| Arithmetic density | the total numner of people divided by total land area |
| Crude birth rate | the total number of live births in a year for every 1000 of people alive in the society |
| Crude death rate | the total number of deaths in a year for every 1000 people alive in the society |
| Natural increase rate | the percentage by which a population grows in a year |
| Total fertility rate | the average numner of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years |
| Infant mortality rate | the annual numner of deaths of infants under one year of age compared with total live births |
| Life expectanty | the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live at current mortality levels |
| Demographic transition | the process of change in a society's population from a condition of high birth and death rates to low crude birth and death rates |
| Agricultural revolution | the time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering |
| Industrial revolution | a conjunction of major improvements in industrial techonlogy |
| Medical revoultion | diffusion of improved medical practices |
| zero population growth | crude birth rates and crude death rates are equal |
| Population pyramid | a bar graph which displays a population by age and gender groups |
| Dependency ratio | the number of people who are too young or too old to work compared to the number of people in their productive years |
| Sex ratio | the number of males per hundred females |
| Migration | a permanent move to a new location |
| Emigration | migration from a location |
| Immigration | migration to a location |
| Net migration | the difference between the number of immigrants and the number of emigrants |
| Mobility | a more general term covering all types of movements from one place to another |
| Circulation | short term repetetive or cyclial movements |
| Push factor | a factor that induces people to move out of their present location |
| Pull Factor | a factor that induces people to move into a new location |
| Refugees | poeple who have been forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution |
| Floodplain | the area of a river subject to flooding |
| Intervening obstacle | an environmental or cultural feature that hinders migration |
| International migration | permanent movement from one country to another |
| Internal migration | permanent movement within the same country |
| Interregional migration | movement from one region of a country to another |
| Intraregional Migration | movement within one region |
| Voluntary migration | permanent movement undertaken by choice |
| Forced migration | the migrant has been compelled to move by cultural factors |
| Migration transition | change in the migration pattern in a society |
| Undocumented immigrants | those who enter a country without proper papers |
| Chain migration | the migration of people to a specific location becuase relatives or members of the same nationality have migrated there |
| Quotas | maximum limits on the number of people who could immigrate to the united states from another country during a one year period |
| Brain drain | a large scale emigration by talented people |
| Guest workers | citizens of poor countries that obtain jobs in western europe and the middle east |
| Counterurbanization | net migration from urban to rural areas |
| Habit | a repetitive act that a paricular individual performs |
| Custom | a repetitive act of a group |
| Folk culture | culture usually practiced by a small homogeneous rural group |
| Popular culture | culture usually practiced by large heterogeneous societies that share certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics |
| Taboo | restrictions on behavior imposed by social custom |
| Language | a system of communication through speech |
| Literary tradition | a system of written communication |
| Offical language | the language used by the government for laws reports and public objects |
| Dialect | a regional variation of a language distinguished by distinctive vocabulary spelling and pronunciation |
| Standard language | a dialect that is well established and widely recognized as the most acceptable for public uses |
| British received pronunciation | upper class english dialect |
| Isogloss | a word usage boundary |
| Language family | a collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed long before recorded history |
| Language branch | a collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed several thousand years ago |
| Language group | a collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past |
| Vulgar latin | latin of the masses |
| Creole or creolized language | a language that results from the mixing of the colonizer's language with the indigenous lanugage of the people being dominated |
| Ideograms | writing in which each symbol represents a phrase or idea as opposed to a specific sound |
| Extinct language | languages no longer spoken or read in daily activities by anyone in the world |
| Isolated language | a language unrelated to any other and therefore not attached to any language family |
| Lingua franca | a language of international communication |
| Franglais | the use of english in the french language |
| Universalizing religions | a religion that attempts to appeal to all people |
| Ethnic religion | a religion that appeals to primarily one group of people living in one place |
| Branch | a large and fundamental division within a religion |
| Sect | a relatively small group that has broken away from an established denomination |
| Denomination | a division of a branch that unites a number of local congregations in a single legal and administrative body |
| Monotheism | belief that there is only one god |
| Polytheist | belief that there is more than one god |
| Animism | belief that inanimate objects or events have discrete spirits and concious life |
| Missionaries | individuals who help to transmit a universalizing religion through relocation diffusion |
| Pagan | the word for a follower of a polytheistic religion in ancient times |
| Ghetto | a city neighborhood set up by law to be inhabited only by Jews |
| Pilgrimage | a journey for religious purposes to a place considered sacred |
| Cosmogony | a set of religious beliefs concerning the origin of the universe |
| Solstice | Time when the sun is farthest from the equator |
| Hierarchical religion | a religion with a well defined geographic structure and organizes territory into local administrative units |
| Diocese | the basic unit of geographic organization in the Roman Catholic Church |
| Autonomous religions | self sufficient religions |
| Fundamentalism | a literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion |
| Caste | the class hereditary order into which a hindu was assigned according to religious law |
| Ethnicity | identity with a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland |
| Triangular slave trade | a trading pattern between the americas africa and europe during the eighteenth century |
| Sharecropper | a worker who works fields rented from a landowner and pays the rent by turning over to the landowner a share of the crops |
| Race | identity with a group of peole who share a biological ancestor |
| Racism | the belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race |
| Racist | a person who subscribes to the beliefs of racism |
| Blockbusting | real estate sale in which the agents convinced peole living near black families to sell their houses for a very low price |
| Apartheid | the physical separation of different races into different geographic areas |
| Nationality | identity with a group of people who share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular country |
| Self-determination | the concepr that ethincities have the right to govern themselves |
| Nation-state | a state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality |
| Nationalism | loyalty and devotion to a nationality |
| Centripetal force | an attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state |
| Multi ethnic state | a state that contains more than one ethnicity |
| Multi national state | a multi ethnic state in which two ethnic groups have traditions of self determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognising one another as nationalities |
| Ethnic cleansing | a process in which a more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnicly homogenous region |
| Balkanized | a term describing a small geographic area that could not successfully be organized into one or more stable states because of ethnicity feuds |
| Balkanization | the process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities |
| State | an area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government that has conrtol over its internal and foreign affairs |
| Sovereignty | independence from control of its internal affairs by other states |
| City-state | a sovereign state that comprises a town and the surrounding countryside |
| Colonialism | the effort by one country to establish settlements and to impose its principles on such territory |
| Boundary | an invisible line marking the extent of a state's territory |
| Compact state | a country in which the distance from the center to any boundary does not vary greatly |
| Prorupted state | a compact state with a large projecting extension |
| Elongated states | states with a long and narrow shape |
| Fragmented state | a state that includes several discontinous pieces of territory |
| Perforated state | a state that completely surrounds another one |
| Landlocked state | a state that lacks a direct outlet to the sea because it is completely surrounded by other countries |
| Frontier | a zone where no state exercises complete political control |
| Unitary state | a state that places most power in the hands of central government officals |
| Federal state | a state that allocates strong power to units of local government within the country |
| Balance of power | a condition of roughly equal strength between opposing alliances |
| Development | the process of improving the material conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology |
| MDC (relatively developed country)(developed country) | a country that has progressed further along the development continuum |
| LDC (developing country) | a country that has made little progress and expects to continue |
| Gross Domestic Product | the value of the total output of goods and services produced in a country usually within a year |
| Primary sector | the portion of the economy concerned with extracting materials from the earth |
| Secondary sector | the portion of the economy concerned with manufacturing of materials |
| Tertiary sector | the provision of goods and servives to people in exchange for payment |
| Productivity | the value ot a particular product compared to the amount of labor needed to make it |
| Value added | the gross value of the product minus the costs of raw materials and energy |
| Literacy rate | the percentage of a country's people who can read and write |
| Structural adjustment program | economic policies that create conditions encouraging international trade |
Created by:
juliac
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