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JRA Egypt
Egyptian Vocab, Resources, Pharoahs, Periods, and Gods
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Nubia | Also known as Kush, a kingdom directly south of Egypt along the Nile River that provided Egyptians with luxury trade goods such as gold, ivory, ebony wood, and animal skins. |
| Nile Delta | Triangular area of fertile land in northern Egypt where the Nile River meets the Mediterranean Sea. |
| Upper Egypt | All of Egypt south of the Nile Delta. |
| Lower Egypt | The Nile Delta area. |
| Pharoah | Ruler of Egypt who was believed to be a living god. |
| Theocracy | A government system where the ruler is believed to be divine. |
| Dynasty | A family or group that rules for several generations. |
| Polytheism | A belief in many different gods. |
| Deity | Another name for a god. |
| Afterlife | According to some religions, the life that follows this one. |
| Mummification | A process of embalming, or preserving, dead bodies in order to prevent decomposition. |
| Book of the Dead | A collection of charms, religious songs, and magical spells that Egyptians believed would help a person's soul to reach the afterlife. |
| Pyramid | A 3-dimensional, four-sided structure built by ancient Egyptians to protect their pharoah's tombs during the Old and Middle Kingdoms. |
| Sphinx | A type of statue with the body of a lion and the head of a man, often found at the entrance to temples and near tombs. |
| Valley of the Kings | A valley across the Nile River from Luxor where New Kingdom pharoahs tried to hide their tombs from grave robbers. |
| Inundation | The yearly flooding of the Nile River that lasted for three months. |
| Silt | Rich mud left behind after the inundation that fertilized farm fields. |
| Hieroglyphics | Egyptian writing that started as pictographs. |
| Papyrus | Paper made from reeds that grew along the banks of the Nile River. |
| Scribes | Professional writers and record keepers. |
| Ox | Used for shields, furniture, farming, tributes to the pharoah, meat, and sacrifices to the gods. |
| Ivory | Made from an elephant's tusks and used for small objects such as jewelry. |
| Ostrich Egg | Used for perfume containers. |
| Giraffe | Symbolized the conquering of other lands by the pharoah. |
| Ebony | Used for things such as chairs and boxes. |
| Gold | Used for small objects like jewelry. |
| Gold Chains | Used for rewards to people who fought in the war. |
| Zoser | He and his advisor, Imhotep, began the tradition of building pyramid tombs that lasted more than 1,000 years. About 100 of them are still standing today! |
| Hatshepsut | Queen who declared herself pharoah and ruled for 20 years after her husband died, while her step-son, Tuthmosis III, had to wait! She established good trade relationships with Egypt's neighbors. |
| Akhenaten | Monotheistic pharoah who forced Egyptians to worship only Aten, a sun god. He was hated by priests of other gods for closing their temples. He made a new style of artwork and an all-new capital city, Amarna. |
| Tutankhamen | Boy-king who was expected to re-establish polytheism after Akhenaten died. He died around 18 or 19 years old. His tomb was discovered, undisturbed, by Howard Carter in 1922 A.D. |
| Old Kingdom | 2600-2200 B.C. The kingdom when Egyptians built the great pyramids. |
| Middle Kingdom | 2000-1600 B.C. The kingdom when Egyptians achieved a great deal in literature, art, and architecture. |
| New Kingdom | 1500-1000 B.C. The kingdom when Egyptians conquered other lands by building an empire. |
| Osiris | He is either green or black (which represents the fertility of the Nile River), and he is wrapped up. He is the god the afterlife, the underworld, and fertility. |
| Horus | He has the head of a falcon. He is the god of the sky. |
| Isis | She wears a throne-shaped crown, has wings, and is all human. She is the goddess of magic spells and protection. |
| Ma'at | She carries an ostrich feather and is all human. She is the goddess of justice. |
| Anubis | He has the head of a jackal. He is the god of embalming. |
| Hathor | She has the head of a cow. She is the goddess of love and beauty. |
| Mut | She has the head of a vulture. She is the goddess of mothers. |
| Thoth | He has the head of a long-billed ibis. He is the god of wisdom and knowledge. |
| Bastet | She sits with a cat at her side. She is the goddess of hearths and homes. |
| Bes | He is short, ugly, naked, and hairy. He is the god of family, children, and happy marriges. |
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