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Hist 140 Key Terms
Key Terms from Mao's Revolution in China to end of course
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Opium Wars | Britain brings opium to China in early 19th century. China devistated by opium tarde, so in an effort to stem opium flow, the government closes trading ports. Britain declares war on China over "natural rights to free trade". 1839 - 1842. Britain wins. |
| Spheres of Influence | Britain, France, Russia, Germany, Japan, and America demand areas of imperial control. |
| Nationalist (Guomindang) Party | Following the 1919 student protests, this new party was born. Lead by Sun Yat-sen. Influential in the 1920s; however fails to achieve goals. |
| Mao’s Revision to Marxism-Leninism | Mao understands the need for a vanguard to mobilize revolution. Mao castes the peasants that make up 90% of the population as the revolutionary class. |
| The Long March | The massive military retreat from the pursuit of the Nationalist Party undertaken by the Red Army of the Chinese Communist Party in the 1930s. Influence peasants along the way. Survivors of the Long March become the core of the Chinese Communist Party. |
| The Hundred Flowers Campaign | 1956. Mao encourages people to discuss and criticize parties in order to stimulate their improvement. Responces are timid at first, however they soon get out of control. 1957 HFC shut down. Mao persacutes critics, casting them as new enemies of the state. |
| Great Leap forward | Economic and social campaign of the Chinese Communist Party which aimed to use the population to rapidly transform the country from an agrarian economy into a modern communist society. Agriculturalization, industrialization, and collectivization. |
| Great Famine | 1958-1961. Caused by policy changes during The Great Leap Forward. Because of collectivization, peasants had less motivation to work hard/well. Additionally, millions of peasants were directed away from agricultural work towards iron and steel production. |
| Chinese Cultural Revolution | 1966-1972. Launched by Mao and targets youth. Restores zeal and class consiousness. Resultes in social, political, and economic upheaval; widespread persecution; and the destruction of antiques, historical sites, and culture. |
| Deng Xiaoping | 1978-1997. A social pragmatist - "whatever works, and we'll just call it socialism." Title of "Deputy Premier" never assumes position of head of state. Behind the Scenes Man. Was one of Mao's allies in 30s 40s and 50s. Criticized as reactionary. |
| Four Modernizations | Focus under Deng. Agriculture, Industry, . |
| Household Responsibility System | 1978. Peasants still have to meet agriculture quota for state, but are allowed to keep and sell the excess. Accelerates agriculture production and ends communal system. |
| Special Economic Zones (SEZs) | Geographical zones where economic laws cator to a free market. |
| Tiananmen Square | 1989 protest that lasted for 7 weeks and ended with the opening of fire on the protesters by the People's Liberation Army. No US action in response. Experts say this might have been that one moment when the US could have put pressure on China to reform. |
| Kelle Tsai, "Capitalism without Democracy" | Maintains that class formation hasn’t occurred at all. Instead, members of middle class see in communist party the guarantor of their interests. Marriage of interests. |
| James Mann, "The China Fantasy" | Questions the idea that China will become a democracy eventually. Presents the idea that 20 or 30 years down the road, China might not be a democracy or have collapsed, but rather a much richer and more powerful version of its current authoritarian state. |
| Jewish Diaspora | The exile that encompassed several forced expulsions of Israelites from what is now the states of Israel, Jordan and parts of Lebanon from 150 CE - 1800, and their subsequent spread across the Middle East and beyond. |
| Zionism | The Jewish Political Movement that advocates for a Jewish national state in Palastine. |
| Balfour Declaration | British empire declares that Jews should have homeland in Palestine and that it will do its utmost to facilitate this, so far as it does not interfere with the "civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine." |
| British Mandate | 1922-1947. The division of Palastine into two seperate states, Palastine and Transjordan. |
| UN Partition Plan (1947) | The UN partition of Palastine was supposed to reflect demographic realities and had muchvbacking from the US; however Arab countries reject partition. Never been viewed as legitimate by Arabs and Palestinians. |
| The War of 1948 (Palastine) | State of Israel proclaims independence. Immediately recognized by US and USSR. Arab states go to war with Israel. Israel wins. |
| The Nakba | "Catastrophy" Occurred when approximately 725,000 Palestinian Arabs fled or were expelled from their homes, during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War and the Civil War that preceded it. |
| Six Day War (1967) | Israel makes "preventative strike" against Arab forces. One of the greatest victories ever achieved. The West Bank, Gaza, and Golan Heights fall under direct Israeli power. |
| West Bank and Gaza | Palistini terratories that fall under Israeli power in the 6 days war. Israeli colonization probably not lawful. |
| Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) | Founded in 1964. Considered to be a terrorist group by the US and Israel until 1991. In 1993, the PLO recognised Isreal's right to exist in Peace, and rejected violence and terrorism. |
| Yassir Arafat | Chairman of the PLO 1969-2004. |
| 1967 (Israel/Palastine) | VERY IMPORTANT YEAR. Reshapes politics in middle east. Israel emerges as Middle Eastern superpower. End of 1960s Israel achieves nuclear capacity. Some claim that Israeli nationalism changed: Israel develops sense of superiority to Arab neighbors. |
| Camp David Accords | 1978 peace treaty between Israel and Egypt. Also negotiated the autonomy of the West Bank and Gaza. |
| The First Intifada | 1987-1993. The first Palistinian uprising agains Israeli occupation of Palistini territories, including the West Bank and Gaza. |
| Oslo Accords | Early 90s. The accords called for the withdrawal of Israeli forces from parts of the Gaza Strip and West Bank, and creatied a Palestinian Interim Self-Government Authority. Permanent status negotiations were to commense within 5 years. |
| Camp David Summit | 2000 President Bill Clinton, Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak, and Palestinian Authority Chairman Yasser Arafat. Ultimately, it was an unsuccessful attempt to negotiate a "final status settlement" to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. |
| The Second Infitada | 2000 the second Palastini uprising. |
Created by:
twilight52
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