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Chapters22-25 review
WHAP Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What trade difficulties did Western nations face toward the end of the Middle Ages? How did they go about solving this problem? | The Islamic states like the Ottoman Empire were the middle man for all trade. So W nations got boats and sailed around Africa |
| Volta do mar | A strategy developed by Portuguese mariners that enabled them to sail from the Canaries to Portugal. |
| Understand the significance of lateen sails | The sail was capable of taking the wind on either side, and, by enabling the vessel to tack into the wind. |
| Events of 1492 | Columbus’s first voyage to W hemisphere Conquest of Granada (ended Reconquista / last Muslim outpost in Spain) Muslims and Jews were forced to convert, leave, or die |
| Why did Columbus believe sailing west to Asia would be easier than sailing around Africa? | No one had discovered the land, so no one knew that there was a giant piece of land in the way between Columbus and Asia |
| Who did Colombus seek in Cuba | The Chinese Emperor |
| Specifics and effects of Colombian Exchange | Global diffusion of plants, food crops, animals, humans, and disease Global epidemic diseases around the world |
| How successful were Europeans in controlling Indian Ocean spice trade? Why? | Not very successful at all (tried to dominate but couldn’t b/c they didn’t have enough people or ships to control the WHOLE Indian Ocean) |
| Know the effects of the Seven Years War | Deep implications for global affairs Britain’s victory placed them in a position to dominate world trade for the future Paved way for the establishment of the British empire |
| 12. Between 1500 and 1800 most of the world's migrants were . . . | • Enslaved Africans |
| 1. What motivated Martin Luther to dissent from the Catholic Church? | • The church’s sale of indulgences |
| 2. The German elite accepted Luther because . . . | • Personal conviction • Religious controversy offered opportunities for them to build their own power bases. |
| 3. Understand the importance of the Catholic Church to Western Europe during the Middle Ages. | • Only thing that unified them was the Catholic church (diff. govt., no common language, and no common culture) |
| 4. What was the Edict of Nantes? What were its effects? | • granted the Calvinist Protestants of France substantial rights in a nation still considered essentially Catholic |
| 5. Most people condemned as witches were . . . | • Peasants, widows, women, poor, old, singles |
| 6. Understand the significance of the Thirty Years War and its effect on diplomacy. | Damaged economies and societies throughout Europe and led to the deaths of about 1/3 of the German population Re-arranged the European power structure |
| 7. How did Voltaire feel about the Catholic Church? | • “crush the damned thing.” • Meaning the church he considered an agent of oppression |
| 8. Deists believed . . . | • A powerful god set the universe in motion and est. natural laws that govern it, but did not take a personal interest in its development or intervene in its affairs |
| 9. Applying the techniques of the Scientific Revolution to social problems led to the philosophical movement known as . . . | • The age of enlightenment |
| 10. Understand the demographic changes of the 18th century and why they occurred. | • Increased population (intro. To new food crops i.e. potato) • Lower mortality rate (less war and less disease) |
| 11. Know the sequence of the various European intellectual movements of this time period. | • 1478 – Foundation of Spanish Inquisition • 1517 – Publication of Ninety-Five Theses • 1540 – Foundation of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) • 1545-1563 – Council of Trent • 1588 – Spanish Armada • 1618-1648 – Thirty Years’ War |
| 1. Explain the encomienda system. | • land grants to Spanish settlers with total control over local people |
| 2. Native societies were defeated primarily by . . . | • Smallpox and epidemic disease |
| 3. What aided the Spaniards in their invasion of the Aztec empire? | • Epidemic disease of smallpox • Alliance with other natives that didn’t like the Aztecs |
| 4. Over the long term, what happened to the conquistadors' dominion in the Americas? | • Lose control of the natives (rebellions) • Spanish king took control of the colonies because the conquistadors sucked at ruling |
| 5. What were the effects of American silver on the Spanish economy? | • Basis of the Spanish new world wealth • Caused inflation |
| 6. Understand the Spanish and Portuguese colonial social hierarchy. | • Whites (peninsulares and criollos) owned the land and held the power • Mixed races (mestizos and zambos) performed much of the manual labor • Africans and natives were at the bottom |
| 7. Why were the Portuguese interested in Brazil? | • Sugar (dependant on production) • slavery |
| 8. How did the Portuguese provide labor for the sugar plantations? | • Imported African slaves for cane and sugar production |
| 9. Why were the Spanish interested in Guam? | • It was a “pit stop” for them… meaning it was used as a supply post for long voyages between Acapulco and Manilla |
| 10. For what purpose did the British use Australia? | • In 1788, England established first settlement in Australia as a penal colony • Free settlers outnumbered convicted criminal migrants |
| 1. What were the effects of maritime trade on Western Africa's empires? | • Gold that was traded over trans-Saharan Trade Route • Made money over control of trans-Saharan Trade • When Europeans started sailing, the route lost its wealth |
| 2. Songhay's emperors followed which religion? | • Islam (Muslim) |
| 3. What was the fate of the Swahili city-states? | • Vasco da Gama forced the ruler of Kilwa to pay tribute, 1502 • Massive Portuguese naval fleet subdued all the Swahili cities, 1505 • Trade disrupted; Swahili declined |
| 4. Know the effects of Kongo's alliance with Portugal. | created a syncretic version of Christianity |
| 5. Where in sub-Saharan Africa was Islam popular? | • West Africa states • Swahili city-states of east Africa |
| 6. Religions that were introduced into sub-Saharan Africa developed in what way? | • Islamic university and 180 religious schools in Timbuktu in Mali • Blended Islam with indigenous beliefs and customs, a syncretic Islam • The Fulani, west African tribe, observed strict form of Islam, eighteenth and nineteenth centuries |
| 7. Know the effects of the Colombian Exchange on Africa. | Loss of Population - due to Europe taking slaves and trading to the Americas. Loss of Culture due to loss of population |
| 8. Most slaves came from . . . | war veterans |
| 9. Why did Africans keep slaves? | • To help expand local families… sometimes • Local wealth (didn’t believe in land ownership) |
| 10. In what kind of work were slaves employed? | • Most slaves worked as cultivators, some as administrators or soldiers |
| 11. Know the demographic effects of the Atlantic slave trade. | • With all land held in common, slaves were a measure of power and wealth |
Created by:
punisher42
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