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Ch.18-20 Test
Ch.18-20 WHAP Test
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| List the early modern Islamic empires. | Abbasid Seljuk Turks Ottoman Safavid Dynasty Mughal |
| Name the group that dominated the Abbasid dynasty prior to the Mongol invasions. | Seljuk Turks |
| Name the original base of the Ottoman Turks. | Anatolia Peninsula |
| Name who restored the Ottoman Empire following the Timurid invasions. | Mehmad I |
| Name the year the Ottomans conquered Constantinople and ended the Byzantine Empire. | 1453 |
| Define Janissaries. | Christian boys either taken from or given by parents as slave troops that later converted to Islam |
| Name the head of the Ottoman central bureaucracy. | vizier |
| Name one of the most beautiful of the Ottoman mosques of Constantinople. | Suleymaniye Selim (larger dome) |
| Name the chosen language of the Ottoman court. | Turkish |
| Name the group that represented such extreme conservatism within the Ottoman Empire that reform was frustrated. | Janissaries |
| Name the center of th Safavid Empire. | Iran |
| Name the variant of Islam the Safavid dynasty began from. | Sufi mystics |
| Name the year that the first Safavid was declared shah. | 1501 |
| Explain the Red Heads. | -followers of the Safavids -wore distinctive head gear -preached the Shiite doctrine |
| Name the first Safavid shah. | Ismail |
| Name the century when the Ottoman galleys were eclipsed by Western naval power. | 16th century |
| Name the European nation that first threatened the Ottoman monopoly of trade with East Africa and India. | Portugal |
| Name the shah who brought the Safavid Empire to its greatest extent. | Abbas I |
| Name the official language of the Safavid Empire after Chaldiran. | Persian |
| Name the capital of the Safavid Empire under Abbas the Great. | Isfahan |
| Name the immediate successor of the Safavid dynasty in Persia. | Nadir Khan Afshan |
| Name the founder of the Mughal dynasty. | Babur |
| Name the battle that the first Mughal emperor successfully defeated the Muslim ruler of th Lodi dynasty in 1526. | Panipat |
| List the goals of Aurangzeb. | -extend Mughal control all over India -purge (purify) Islam in India by removing all Hindu influences |
| Explain where in the Americas did the Spanish create the models that were applied throughout their possessions in the New World. | Caribbean |
| Define encomiendas. | grants of Indians to individual Spaniards in a kind of serfdom |
| Name the group of Indians that supplied agricultural labor for the Spaniards in the Caribbean. | Taino |
| Describe what friar Bartolome de Las Casas did for the Indians. | -converted natives to Christianity -initiated the struggle for justice for the Indians |
| Name the person responsible for the conquest of the Aztec Empire in Mexico. | Hernan Cortes |
| Name the Indian institutions that were retained by the Spanish to serve European administration purposes. | The traditional Indian nobility remained in place, supported by the Spanish authority, as middlemen between the tax and labor demands of the new rulers and the majority of the population. |
| Explain the mita. | The colonial governments replaced the labor of the encomiendas with Indian labor extracted through local officials to work on state projects like churches, mines, etc. |
| Name where the greatest silver mine was located. | Potosi in upper Peru |
| Name the year that silver in the Americas rapidly expanded. | after 1580 |
| Explain the galleons. | heavily armed ships used to carry silver belonging to the crown |
| Explain the Treaty of Torsedillas of 1494. | divided the sphere if influence belonging to Spain and Portugal |
| Name the group of people who were most critical to the bureaucratic administration of the Spanish colonies in America. | letrados (university trained lawyers) |
| Explain the Recopilacion. | codified the laws into the basis for government in the colonies (viceroys subdivided into 10 judicial divisions controlled by superior courts) |
| Define audiencias. | superior courts |
| Name the colony that became the first major plantation zone. | Brazil |
| Name who caused the first landfall in the colony of Brazil in 1500. | Pedro Alvarez Cabral |
| Define the captaincies. | strips of land granted to the Portuguese nobles |
| Name the proportion of the Brazilian population that made up the slaves. | 1/2 |
| Name the European nation that followed the Brazilian model of a plantation colony. | Caribbean |
| Name the region where gold was discovered in Brazil. | Minas Gerais (General Mines) in the mountainous interior |
| Name the port that was associated with the discovery of gold in Brazil and subsequently became the capital of the colony. | Rio de Janeiro |
| Name the Spanish dynasty that was responsible for the series of 18th century reforms that recast the colonial administration of the Americas. | Bourbon |
| Name the Minister of the Indies responsible for the 18th century reforms within the Spanish empire. | Jose de Galvez |
| Name the territory that was added to Russia. | Asia, also gained the leading role in Eastern Europe |
| Name the political center that served as the focal point for the Russian liberation from the Mongols. | Duchy of Moscow |
| Name the Russian ruler that was a large part of Russia freed from Mongol control in the 15th century. | Ivan III -tax collector -refused to pay tribute to the Mongols |
| Name the government that Ivan the Great claims to have succeeded as the "Third Rome"? | Byzantine Empire |
| Name the empire that Ivan the Terrible declared that the Russian empire was the successor to. | Rome |
| Define cossacks. | peasants, adventurers, Russian pioneers -recruited to migrate to newly-seized lands in the Byzantine Empire |
| Following the death of Ivan IV, explain the Time of Troubles. | -Russian boyars attempted to limit tsarist autocracy and gain new governing rights for themselves -Sweden and Poland attack Russian territory |
| Name the family that was selected in 1613 to establish a new ruling dynasty in Russia. | Romanov |
| Name the tsar responsible for the abolition of the assemblies of the nobles and reform of the Orthodox Church. | Alexis |
| Explain who the Old Believers were. | dissident religious conservatives -refused to accept tsarist reforms of the Orthodox and were exiled to Siberia for their conservatism -maintained their religion and extended Russia's colonizing activities |
| Explain the political aspects of Western culture that Peter the Great emulated in Russia. | -streamlined bureaucracy (recruited from outside aristocratic rank, giving noble titles to reward service) -recognized military (imitated Western military organization) -secret police supervised bureaucracy |
| Name the sea that became critical in the development of Russian power during the reign of Peter the Great. | Baltic |
| Name the place where Peter the Great established a new capital for Russia. | St. Petersburg |
| Name the industries where Peter the Great's program of economic development was concentrated. | -mining -metallurgical industries (shipbuilding) -serf labor was used to staff new manufacturing which gave the economic means to maintain a substantial military presence for 2 centuries -did not urbanize extensively or develop a large commercial class |
| Name the next powerful ruler of Russia after Peter the Great's death. | Catherine (II) the Great |
| Name the radical who urged the abolition of serfdom during the reign of Catherine the Great. | Radishev |
| Name the areas that were colonized or claimed b the Russian empire during the reign of Catherine the Great. | -parts of Siberia -Poland -the Pacific coast of North America as far south as modern California -Alaska -resumed campaigns against the Ottomans, winning new territories in central Asia including Crimea |
| Name the countries that participated in the successive partitions of Poland. | -Poland -Russia -Prussia -Austria |
| Name the year that Russian serfdom became hereditary. | 1649 |
| Define obrok. | the labor obligation of Russian peasants to lords or to the state |
| Name the percentage of the Russian population that remained rural in the 18th century. | 95% |
| Explain what Pugachev did in the 1770s. | led the Russian peasant rebellion to end serfdom, taxation, conscription, and abolished the landed aristocracy |
| List the primary limitations on the expansion of the agricultural economy. | lack of technological improvement |
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Tiffanyy
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