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History 117
3rd Exam - Chapters 12-16
| Name | Definition |
|---|---|
| Clovis | first Frank ruler to convert to Christianity (5th C.) |
| Taizu | Founder of Song Dynasty in 960 AD (China) |
| Louis IX | built Sainte-Chapelle to house crown of thorns in Paris (13th C.) |
| Shen Gua | Chinese mathematician, geographer, engineer, physician, economist, archaeologist, diplomat, and inventor (movable type from clay) in Song Dynasty |
| Henry II | established circuit judges and common law in England (12th C.) |
| Otto I | founded First Reich in 962 AD (Holy Roman Empire) |
| Philip I | Philip Augustus of France; crusader on Third Crusade (1189-1192); fought a war with Richard I of England |
| Charlemagne | Charles the Great, king of Franks (768-814) & crowned Patricium Romanorum in 800 by Leo III; sponsored Carolingian Renaissance; defeated Magyars, Lombards, Saxons; set up missi dominici, etc. |
| Louis the Great (Pious) | son of Charlemagne, reigned 814-840 ; he divided empire 3 ways among sons (Lothar, Charles the Bald, Louis the German) |
| Lothar | son of Louis the Pious; got Neths., Belg., Switz., N. Italy by Treaty of Verdun(843) |
| Charles the Bald | son of Louis the Pious; got France by Treaty of Verdun (843) |
| Louis the German | son of Louis the Pious; got W. Germany by Treaty of Verdun (843) |
| Urban II | 11th C. pope who pushed monastic reforms (Cluniac) and strengthened papacy; called 1st crusade (1095 AD) |
| Aristotle | Primary Greek philosopher often reinterpreted by the Scholastics at Medieval universities to show that he was a precursor of Christian thought |
| St. Maurice | A black Christian soldier executed by the Romans; a cult of the model knight formed around his memory in 13th century Europe. (picture) |
| Suger | Abbot of Saint-Denis in France who pioneered building of Gothic cathedrals (12th C.) |
| Ibn Al-Athir | 13th century Arab historian who wrote history of First Crusade (1095-1099 AD) |
| Niccolo Machiavelli | Wrote The Prince, a manual on how a ruler should keep power (Florence): “Lion” and “Fox” |
| Alexander VI | Borgia Pope (1490s) whose son Cesare was model for The Prince |
| Julius II | Pope who summoned Lateran Council; paid Michelangelo to paint the Sistine Chapel, Rome—“Last Judgment” on wall and Creation of Man on ceiling |
| Leo X | Pope who excommunicated Luther but patronized artists of Renaissance |
| Martin Luther | German reformer who in 1517 nailed 95 Theses to Wittenberg church door; harsh condemnation of peasants who revolted; German Bible and hymns, etc. (1534) (DVD: “Luther”) |
| Ferdinand & Isabelle | King & Queen of Spain who expelled Jews & Moors & sent Columbus to New World (1942) |
| Michelangelo Buonarotti | Renaiss. artist who painted “Last Judgment,” Sistine Chapel ceiling, sculpted several Davids, etc.; Dome of St. Peter’s Cathedral |
| Leonardo da Vinci | Renaiss. artist who painted “Mona Lisa” (at Louvre now); “Last Supper”, etc. (Milan) |
| Raphael | Renaiss. artist who painted many "Madonna and Child" (of Mary and Baby Jesus) paintings. |
| Thomas More | English Humanist who wrote Utopia; as chancellor, opposed Henry VIII’s divorcing Catherine & was executed (DVD “Man for All Seasons”) |
| Disiderius Erasmus | Dutch Humanist who wrote Praise of Folly and Education of a Christian Prince; close to friend of Thomas More |
| Charles V | 16th C. Holy Roman Emperor at time of Luther; fought Turks to standstill at Vienna and declared Luther an outlaw (also was Charles I of Spain) (DVD “Luther”) |
| Medicis | Ruling family of Florence; international bankers & patrons of artists (Lorenzo the Magnificent) |
| Francis I | French king (1515-47), charming & cultivated Renaiss. Man; systematized laws and taxes |
| Henry II | French king (1547-1559), athletic, made treaty with Suleiman I (“The Magnificent”) of Ottoman Empire. |
| Ferdinand Magellan | Spanish discoverer of Philippines; first to circumnavigate globe (16th C.) |
| Zheng He | Chinese discoverer who made 7 voyages & began age of commerce for China (1405-25) |
| Prince Henry | Port. Prince who established navigational school for mariners |
| Matteo Ricci | Jesuit missionary to Ming China |
| Vasco da Gama | Built Portuguese empire in Indian Ocean area (1498) |
| Suleiman the Magnificent | Muslim sultan whose invasion of Hungary terrified Europe (+ “croissant”) |
| Hernan Cortes | In 1519-22 Spanish conqueror of Aztecs in Mexico |
| Bartholomew Diaz | Portuguese sailor who rounded S. African Cape (1486) to India for spices. |
| Cabral | Portuguese explorer who set up trading posts in India; claimed Brazil for Portugal (15th C.) |
| Jean-Baptiste Colbert | Louis XIV’s finance minister & naval expert to 1863 |
| Jules Mazarin | Louis XIV’s first minister; centralized government & defeated Fronde (1648-53) |
| Peter the Great | Russian czar who westernized Russia in 18th C. and established capital at St. Petersburg in North |
| John Locke | English philosopher who wrote Second Treatise on Government (1690) and Essay on Understanding |
| Cardinal Richelieu | Chief minister of Louis XII (1624-42); crushed Huguenots, humbled Great Nobles, and defeated Hapsburgs of Austria |
| Louis XIV | King of France (1643-1715) who placed robe nobles & bourgeoisie in govt. positions and intendants, not Great Nobles, in provinces, finance, etc.; built Versailles Palace. |
| Henry de Saint-Simon | Duke at Louis XIV’s Court; disliked king’s promotion of robe nobles over sword nobles; witty word portraits of courtiers in Memoires |
| Frederick William I | Prussian king with largest army in Germany (1740s); called “the soldier’s king” |
| Ivan IV | “Ivan the Terrible”; Russian tsar who fought Mongols & added much territory; sadist and torturer, murdered his son, etc. |
| Ferdinand III | 17th C. Austrian ruler who centralized government & fought Turks |
| Charles II | Spanish king whose death in 1700 let Louis XIV put Philip of Anjou on Spanish throne, causing War of Spanish Succession (1702-1713) (Philip V) |
| James I | English king (1603-25) who emphasized divine right rule, hated Puritans, authorized KJV version of Bible (1611) |
| Oliver Cromwell | Lord Protector of England in 1650s Commonwealth; fought wars with Dutch over trade in 1650s and took Jamaica from Spain. |
| Charles I | English king (1625-1649) beheaded by Parliament as traitor to nation |
| Catherine the Great | Russian ruler (1762-96) who quelled Pugachev’s Revolt (peasants) |
| Bernard de Fontenelle | French writer who made science entertaining in Conversations; 100 years old |
| Isaac Newton | English scientist of dynamics, optics, laws of gravitation, Bible prophecy (Daniel and Revelations) |
| Emelian Pugachev | Cossack soldier who led revolt vs. Catherine II (1773); executed and chopped in pieces |
| Arouet de Voltaire | French philosophe, writer, popularizer of Enlightenment ideas |
| Frederick II | “The Great” of Prussia; adopted French culture, friend of Voltaire, took Silesia from Austria (1740-48) |
| Baron de Montesquieu | French philosphe who wrote Persian Letters (1721), a critique of French social politics, religious ideas, and Spirit of the Laws (1748) about 3 types of government, climate’s influence on government, etc. |
| Joseph II | Emperor of Austria (1780-90); Enlgtnd. despot; reformed govt., church, laws |
| Jean-Jacques Rousseau | French philosophe and writer of Social Contract, Emile: people are sovereign, general will, education in nature |
| Song Dynasty | 960s-1270s; invented printing, encyclopedias, foot binding |
| Shogun | Japanese military governors who ruled with help of samurai until 1867 |
| Kamakura Dynasty | 1140s-1330s in Japan; founded by Yoritomo |
| Samurai | Japanese soldiers who followed Bushido code of conduct |
| Esoteric Buddhism | Chinese form that emphasized secrets of enlightenment from Buddha, attained by mantras and mandelas (incl. Mandolas, Mudras, and Mantras) |
| Song Dynasty (inventions) | printing, and encyclopedias |
| Bushido | code of conduct for Samurai, Japanese soldiers |
| Mandalas | cosmic diagrams in Esoteric Buddhism |
| Mudras | gestures in Esoteric Buddhism |
| Mantras | verbal formulas or chants in Esoteric Buddhism |
| Cloistered government | when an aging Japanese emperor retired to Buddhist monastery yet controlled politics thru his sons |
| Franks | Barbarian tribe who settled in Gaul (France) as Rome fell |
| Homage | service by which a vassal (knight) pledges his loyalty to his lord by kneeling before him, clasping hands, saying “I become your man.” |
| Circuit judges | English judges who traveled a given district to hear civil & criminal cases |
| Common law | law accepted by whole country of England—customs, traditions, precedents. |
| Fourth Lateran Council | in 1215, this council forbade Catholic priests to participate in trials by ordeal, thus effectively ending them in Christian Europe; also decreed that Jews must wear special caps and the Star of David |
| Parlement of Paris | highest judicial body in France or its supreme court; magistrates, judges, lawyers |
| “Dark Ages” | c. 476-750s in Europe, from fall of Rome to rise of Carolingians in France |
| Merovingians | Frank dynasty from 5th to 8th C. |
| Carolingians | Frank dynasty of 8th to 10th C. (when Capetian dynasty arose) |
| Lombards | barbarian tribe in Italy; threat to papacy but wiped out by Charlemagne |
| Viking invasions | went to Ireland, Iceland, Eng., Fr., Ger., Russia (NOT Italy) |
| Crusades | 11th-13th C. religious & military assaults on Turks by W. Christian nobles, knights, pilgrims to retake Holy Places (Jerusalem, Antioch, Bethlehem, Capernaum, part of 4 crusader kingdoms) |
| Saxons | Northern Germanic tribe; defeated by Charlemagne |
| Magyars | Hungarian tribe; defeated by Charlemagne |
| Carolingian Renaissance | 8th-9th C. in France with Illuminated Writing, Carolingian miniscule, schools, Latin, manuscript copying, etc. (Einhard, and Alcuin) |
| Vikings | came from Norway, Sweden, Denmark in 8th-10th C. and invaded W. Europe |
| Simony | sale of church offices (after Simon Magnus in Acts) |
| Celibacy | living single life without marrying as priests and nuns did |
| Homosexuality | male sex with males; condemned by Catholic Church after 12th C. for 1st time. |
| 4 Crusader kingdoms | Antioch, Jerusalem, Tripoli, Edessa |
| investiture controversy | Popes v. HRE over who had authority to bestow crosier (hat), mitre (staff), ring on bishops (Henry IV v. Gregory VII) |
| town liberties | merchant guilds, craft guilds, businessmen regulate municipal government |
| missi dominici | Charlemagne’s agents who reported conditions directly to him from provinces where counts ruled. |
| burgh | Medieval walled town or fortified place (Pittsburg) |
| burgher | resident of burgh or town (“burgher chefs” and “burgher kings”) |
| ghetto | Jewish sector of town or city; clean, hygienic, followed Mosaic Code |
| St. Denis | first Gothic cathedral built by abbot Suger (France); patron saint of France. |
| serfs | laborers on manor who could not be bought or sold like slaves |
| Holy Roman Empire | title of Otto I’s empire (962) over Germany & part of France |
| Scholasticism | Medieval philosophy & educational system based largely on Aristotle & Christian theology; debates, degrees, digests, etc. |
| Troubadour | traveling singer-poet-entertainers in Medieval Europe who performed at castles and royal courts |
| open-field system | peasants planting rows in different crops; inefficient agric. method |
| demesne | lord’s personal land or home farm cultivated by peasants |
| universities | Salerno (law), Paris (theology), Bologna (medicine), Oxford & Cambridge (humanities) |
| summa | reference book summing up knowledge in a particular field or subject (Summa Theologica) |
| Gothic architecture | 12th C. churches with ribbed vaults, flying buttresses, clerestory with stained glass windows, shape of cross, always faced east, etc. |
| ribbed vaults | to hold high ceilings up |
| flying buttresses | to hold high walls up |
| clerestory | stained glass section of cathedral on third and highest level |
| Bubonic Plague | swept across Italy, Spain, France, England, Germany, Denmark (NOT Finland) in 14th C.; killed 30-40% of population. |
| Gloss | professors’ interpretation of Medieval manuscripts or laws written in margins. pluralism: practice of holding more than one office at a time in RC church |
| The Prince | Machiavelli’s political treatise on realistic government methods to power (lion and fox) |
| Renaissance (ideals of) | Individualism, Humanism, Secularism, Anti-clericalism |
| Jews in Spain | Riots, pogroms, and forced conversions (15th-16th C.) forced them out (1492) |
| Siena | minor city-state in Italy |
| Milan | Major Renaissance city-state in N. Italy; dominated arts, trade, govt., etc. |
| Venice | Major Renaissance city-state in N. Italy; dominated arts, trade, govt., etc. |
| Florence | Major Renaissance city-state in N. Italy; dominated arts, trade, govt. etc. |
| Indulgences | Forgiveness for temporal punishment of sins; Luther’s 95 Theses opposed selling them |
| Sacraments | RCs have 7 of: baptism, confirmation, holy orders, marriage, confession, Eucharist, Last Rites; Prots. have 2: baptism & Eucharist/Lord’s Supper |
| Pluralism | holding several church offices at once |
| Huguenots | French Protestants, followers of John Calvin; tolerated by 1598 Edict of Nantes |
| Signori | Despots or one-man rulers in Italian city-states in 15th-16th C. |
| Inquisition | RC organization to try, condemn, & execute heretics (burned Jews, Moors) |
| Philippines | Indian Ocean and SE Asian trade routes centered here; part of 16th C. Spanish Empire; center of rice growing, Islam, betel chewing |
| Cloves & nutmeg | 16th C. trade with India & SE Asia dominated by Portugal |
| Eunuch | castrated male, as with Chinese general Zheng He & Muslim guards of harems |
| Ming China | dynasty ruled from 1368 to 1644 |
| Qing China | dynasty ruled from 1644 to 1912 |
| Indian Ocean trade (Map, p. 492) | Led by Moslems; specialized in spices from East |
| Islam & diet | converts to Islam must give up pork & other foods considered unclean (no alcohol) |
| Dhow | Indian Ocean ship built to carry 400 tons cargo, uses lateen sails (triangular) |
| Global trade networks (Map, p. 510) | of Spanish, Dutch, Portuguese |
| Mercantilism (policies of) | state-controlled economy; hoard gold; self-sufficiency; sell more goods than one buys; joint stock trade companies, etc.; and colonization |
| African products (Map, p. 492) | Gold, slaves, ivory |
| Caravel | Small, light, 3-masted sailing ship for cargo and trade |
| Second Treatise of Government | John Locke’s 1690 study of popular sovereignty, right of Revolution, balance of executive, legislative, judicial branches |
| “little ice age” | 17th C. Europe had cold, wet age with glacial action, crop failure, famine |
| intendants | French royal commissioners of Louis XIV in charge of 32 districts; not venal |
| Russian Orthodox Church | Eastern Catholic church led by patriarch in Russia (Moscow) |
| Ottoman Empire | For 500 years, best organized empire in world history (1400-1900) |
| Versailles | Palace & gardens of Louis XIV 15 miles west of Paris; designed & built by Le Notre, Le Vau, Mansart in 1660s-70s. |
| Hapsburgs | : Ruling family of Austria ; most Holy Roman Emperors were Hapsburgs |
| States General | Dutch federal assembly with power to handle foreign affairs, war, etc. |
| Grenadiers | Tall, handsome soldiers in Frederick William I’s army who wore miters (peaked hats) |
| Scientific Revolution | Know major ideas, men, and inventions of (geocentric v. heliocentric theories, circular v. elliptical orbits, momentum, Copernicus, Tycho Brahe, Galileo, Newton; telescope, microscope, compass, astrolabe, etc.) |
| Philosophes | Writers, critics, reformers of 18th C. France, England, Scotland, Germany, Italy |
| Elliptical orbits | Planetary orbits around sun = flattened circles (Kepler discovered) |
| Heliocentric | Sun-centered universe, so Copernicus discovered (1543) |
| Enlightened Despots | Catherine II, Joseph II, Frederick II; followed Enlightenment ideals in reforming their kingdoms. |
| Enlightenment (ideals of) | Reason, Natural Law, Science, Progress, Deism, etc. |
| Bastille | State prison in Paris (1350s-1789) with 8 towers; taken by mob on 14 July 1789 and torn down in 1790 (Voltaire there twice) |
| Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres | Copernicus’ 1543 book that proved that the sun is the center of the universe and planets revolve around it |
| Principia | Newton’s 1687 book that proved the laws of inertia, gravity, momentum, etc. |
| Encyclopedie | Edited by Diderot & d’Alembert, this 17-vol. “rational dictionary” comprised all the knowledge of the Enlightenment; published from 1750-1776. |
| Social Contract | Rousseau’s 1762 book on political theory in which he emphasized the general will, popular sovereignty, and other radical ideas |
| telescope, barometer, air pump | 3 instruments invented during the Scientific Revol. (measured distance, humidity, air pressure respectively) |
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