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SE -
SERNS - Anatomy - Test #2 Chapter 2,16,17,19
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| PROTON | Positive |
| NEUTRON | Neutral |
| ELECTRON | Negative |
| Chemical Bonds | Force or attraction between positive and negative electrical charges that keeps 2 or more atoms together. |
| Ionic Bonds | Involve the loss of 1 or more electrons by 1 atom and the gain of the elecxtron by another atom. |
| Covalent Bonds | Involves the sharing of electrons. |
| Atom | the smallest part of an element that still retains the characteristics of the element. |
| Element | A substance made up of only 1 type of atom. |
| 7 Elements that make up the human body | Calcium, Sulfur, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Carbon, Oxygen, Phosphorus |
| Electron | This determines if it will be attracted to another for the process of bonding. |
| Oxygen | Needed product for cell respiration |
| Carbon Dioxide | Waste product for cell respiration |
| When we EXERCISE, we really feel the products of cell respiraton, because... | It produces heat. |
| Ionic bonds | The ones with a + want to pair up with a -. |
| Cations | Carry a positive charge. |
| Anions | Carry a negative charge. |
| Covalent bonds | Involve the SHARING of electrons. |
| Example of a covalent bond | H2O (these bonds are identified by the #) |
| Example of a ionic bond | Na+ + Cl- = Table Salt (these bonds are identified by a + or -) |
| Glucose + Oxygen -> Carbon Dioxide, Water, ATP and heat | Formula for cell respiration |
| Synthesis Reaction | Requires ATP |
| Decomposition Reaction | Produces ATP |
| Chemical Reactions | Refers to the making or breaking of bonds. |
| Synthesis Reaction | Bonds are formed to join 2 or more molecules. |
| Decomposition Reaction | Bonds are broken; Molecule is broken down. |
| Cell Respiration | Energy production within the cells. |
| Buffer System | A chemical or pair of chemicals that minimize the changes in pH. |
| Water | Makes up 60-75% of the body. |
| Water Compartments | Intracellular (65%) Cytoplasm Extracellular (35%) Plasma, tissue fluid, lymph, specialized fluids. |
| Oligosaccharides | "Self" antigens in our cell membrane. |
| Glycogen | Storage form for excess glucose in the liver. |
| Amylase | Enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates. |
| Disaccharides | Added to other foods as a sweetener. |
| Glucose | Most important energy source for cells. |
| Provides fiber to promote peristalsis | Cellulose |
| Carbohydrate | Source of energy for the body. |
| Blood/Body pH | 7.35-7.45 |
| Acidosis | Lower pH (increase H ions) Confused, disoriented, coma -> die |
| Alkalosis | Higher pH (decrease H ions) Irritablility, seizures, arrest -> die |
| Buffer system - Bicarbonate | 1st responder -> tissue, blood |
| Buffer system - Phosphate | kidneys |
| Buffer system - Protein | inside the cell |
| Buffer system - Respiratory | Rate of breathing |
| Calcium | Ca |
| Hydrogen | H |
| Carbon | C |
| Fluorine | F |
| Sodium | Na |
| Magnesium | Mg |
| Phosphorus | P |
| Sulfur | S |
| Chlorine | Cl |
| Potassium | K |
| Manganese | Mn |
| Iron | Fe |
| Cobalt | Co |
| Copper | Cu |
| Zinc | Zn |
| Iodine | I |
| Calcium | Provides strength in bones and teeth; Necessary for blood clotting; Necessary for muscle contraction. |
| Phosphorus | Provides strength in bones and teeth; Part of DNA, RNA and ATP; Part of cell membranes |
| Iron | Part of hemoglobin in red blood cells, transports oxygen; Part of myoglobin in muscles, stores oxygen; Necessary for cell respiration. |
| Copper | Necessary for cell respiration; Necessary for hemoglobin synthesis. |
| Sodium | Necessary for muscle contraction; necessary for nerve impulse transmission. |
| Potassium | Necessary for muscle contraction; necessary for nerve impulse transmission; Clotting. |
| Sulfur | Part of some proteins such as insulin and keratin |
| Cobalt | Part of Vitamin B12 |
| Iodine | Part of thyroid hormones - thyroxine |
| Fat Soluble Vitamins | A,D,E,K |
| Vitamin A | Synthesis rhodopsin, calcification of growing bones, maintenance of epithelial tissues |
| Vitamin D | Absorption of calcium and phosphorus in the small intestine. Contributes to immune responses, action of insulin and preservation of muscle mass and strength. |
| Vitamin E | An antioxidant-prevents destruction of cell membranes. Contributes to wound healing and detoxifying ability of the liver. |
| Vitamin K | Synthesis of prothrombin and other clotting factors |
| Folic Acid | Synthesis of DNA, especially in blood cell production. Contributes to development of fetal CNS. |
| The alimentary tube | Extends from the mouth to the anus. |
| The alimentary tube | Consists of the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine. |
| Accessory organs | teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. |
| Chemical digestion | Enzymes break down food / break down of complex organics into simpler organics. |
| Mechanical digestion | CHEWING - breaks food down into smaller pieces. |
| Carbohydrates (metabolizes) are digested to... | Glucose |
| Lipids/Fats (metabolizes) are digested to... | fatty acids and glycogen |
| Proteins (metabolizes) are digested to... | amino acids |
| Starches | Found in plant foods |
| Saturated fats | animal foods and solid at room temperature |
| Unsaturated fats | transfats and liquid at room temperature |
| Structural proteins | Form pores and receptor sites in cell membranes; Keratin/Collagen |
| Hormones | Insulin-enables cells to take in glucose; lowers blood glucose level; Growth hormone-increases protein synthesis and cell division |
| Hemoglobin | Enables red blood cells to carry oxygen |
| Myoglobin | Stores oxygen in muscle cells |
| Antibodies | Produced by lymphocytes (white blood cells); label pathogens for destruction |
| Myosin and actin | Muscle structure and contraction |
| Enzymes | Catalyst reactions |
| Steroids/Cholesterol | Part of cell membrane; Converted to Vitamin D: Converted by the liver to bile salts -> emulsify fats during digestion; Precursor for steriod hormones (estrogen/testosterone) |
| Phospholipids | Part of cell membrane (lecithin); forms the myelin sheath to provide electrical insulation for neurons. |
| LDL | Bad cholesterol (clogs your arteries) |
| HDL | Good cholesterol (higher in protein and lower in cholesterol--more easily removed from the blood by the liver and excreted in bile. |
| WATER | Is a solvent; Is a lubricant; Changes temperature slowly. |
| DNA | Found in chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell, it is the genetic code for hereditary characteristics |
| RNA | copies the genetic code of DNA to direct protein synthesis in the cytoplasm of cells. |
| ATP | energy transferring molecule, formed when cell respiration releases energy from food molecules, used for energy requiring cellular processes |
| Salivary glands | Parotid, Submandibular, Sublingual |
| Lower Esophageal Sphinter | Relaxes to allow food to enter the stomach, then contracts to prevent the backup of stomach contents. |
| Peristalsis | Waves of muscular contractions (one-way) that propel the contents through a hollow organ. |
| Mucosa | Lining of the alimentary tube; produces mucus. |
| Submucosa | Vascular-blood supply; Innervated-has communication with brain for digestion. |
| External Muscle Layer | Layer that is responsible for peristalsis. |
| Serosa | Outermost layer; Above the diaphragm -> mesentary membrane; Peritoneum -> Abdominal cavity. |
| Stomach | Mechanical digestion is complete; Begins the digestion of protein. |
| Mucous cells | Secrete mucus which coats the stomach lining. |
| Chief cells | Secrete pepsin. |
| Parietal cells | Produce Hydrochloric acid. |
| G cells | Produces gastric juice. |
| Tripsin | Protein enzyme |
| Pepsin | Protein enzyme |
| Lipase | Lipid enzyme |
| Bile | Lipid enzyme |
| Only digestive function of the Liver | to produce bile. |
| Metabolizes carbs, proteins, fats | Liver |
| Stores fat-soluble Vitamins A,D,E,K | Liver |
| Most important function of the liver | Detoxification |
| Phagocytosis by Kupffer cells | In the liver -> Destroy the bacteria, removing them from the blood before the blood returns to the heart. |
| 2 major functions of the pancreas | To make insulin and to make enzymes and bicarbonate juice and pancreatic juice. |
| Gallbladder | Stores bile until needed; cystic duct joins hepatic duct to form common bile duct. |
| Bile | Mostly water; breaks down fats; excretory function -> carries bilirubin and excess cholesterol for elimination in feces. |
| Secretin | Hormone produced by the duodenum; stimulates the production of bile. |
| Functions of the Large Intestine | Absorption of water, minerals, vitamins; elimination of undigestible material. |
| ectomy | excision/removal |
| itis | inflammation |
| logy | study of |
| endo | within |
| hemi | half |
| quadri | four |
| dys | pain |
| oma | tumor |
| megaly | enlargement |
| cyan/o | blue |
| erythr/o | red |
| R/O | rule out |
| NAD | no acute distress |
| WNL | within normal limits |
| febrile | fever, elevated temperature |
| morbidity | a diseased state |
| mortality | being subject to death |
| kg | kilogram |
| h.s. | hours sleep |
| PMH | past medical history |
| HPI | history of present illness |
| alimentary tube | hollow tube extending from mouth to anus |
| lower esophageal sphincter/cardiac sphincter | opening from esophagus to stomach |
| rugae | folds of the mucosa of organs such as the stomach and urinary bladder which permits the expansion of the organ |
| cecum | first part of the large intestine, the dead-end portion adjacent to the ileum |
| appendicitis | inflammation of the appendix |
| defacation reflex | spinal cord reflex that eliminate stool from the colon |
| albumin | a liver protein which is found in the plasma; contributes to osmotic pressure |
| ascites | abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal space |
| GERD | heartburn, reflux of contents from the stomach back into the esophagus (gastroesophageal reflux disease) |
| Atom | the smallest part of an element. |
| Which STOMACH cell makes mechanical digestion possible? | Parietal cells (make hydrochloric acid) |
| Fats are only broken down here... | the duodenum |
| Normal body temperature range | 96.5F - 99.5F |
| THYROXINE (Factor that affects heat production) | The most important regulator of day-to-day metabolism; increases use of food for ATP production, thereby increasing heat production |
| EPINEPHRINE AND SYMPATHETIC STIMULATION (Factor that affects heat production) | important in stress situations; increases the metabolic activity of many organs; increases ATP and heat production |
| SKELETAL MUSCLES (Factor that affects heat production) | Normal muscle tone requires ATP; the heat produced is about 25% of the total body heat at rest |
| LIVER (Factor that affects heat production) | Always metabolically active; produces as much as 20% of total body heat at rest |
| FOOD INTAKE (Factor that affects heat production) | Increases activity of the GI tract; increates ATP and heat production |
| HIGHER BODY TEMPERATURE (Factor that affects heat production) | Increases metabolic rate, which increases heat production, may become detrimental during high fevers |
| Radiation (Heat Loss) | Heat from the body is transferred to cooler objects not touching the skin |
| Conduction (Heat Loss) | Loss of heat to cooler air or objects that touch the skin, such as clothing |
| Convection (Heat Loss) | Air currents move warm air away from the skin |
| Sweating (Heat Loss) | excess body heat evaporates sweat on the skin surface |
| Respiratory tract (Heat Loss) | Evaporation - body heat evaporates water from the respiratory mucosa, and water vapor is exhaled |
| Urinary tract (Heat Loss) | Urination (urine is at body temperature when eliminated) |
| Digestive tract (Heat Loss) | Defecation (feces are at body temperature when eliminated) |
| Hypothalmus | responsible for the regulation of body temperature "the thermostat" of the body |
| Metabolism | all of the reactions that take place in the body |
| Anabolism | synthesis reactions, the bonding together of smaller molecules to form larger ones |
| Catabolism | decomposition, the breaking of larger molecules to form smaller molecules |
| The potential energy in food is measured in units called... | Calories |
| dehydration | raises osmolarity |
| osmolarity | the concentration of dissolved materials in the urine |
| Electolyte - Sodium | 136-142 - creates much of the osmotic pressure of ECF; most abundant cation in ECF; essential for electrical activity of neurons and muscle cells |
| Electrolyte - Potassium | 3.5-5.0 - creates much of the osmotic pressure of ICF; most abundant cation in ICF; essential for electrical activity of neurons and muscle cells |
Created by:
ernspst
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