SERNS - Anatomy - Test #2 Chapter 2,16,17,19
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| PROTON | Positive
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| NEUTRON | Neutral
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| ELECTRON | Negative
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| Chemical Bonds | Force or attraction between positive and negative electrical charges that keeps 2 or more atoms together.
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| Ionic Bonds | Involve the loss of 1 or more electrons by 1 atom and the gain of the elecxtron by another atom.
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| Covalent Bonds | Involves the sharing of electrons.
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| Atom | the smallest part of an element that still retains the characteristics of the element.
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| Element | A substance made up of only 1 type of atom.
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| 7 Elements that make up the human body | Calcium, Sulfur, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Carbon, Oxygen, Phosphorus
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| Electron | This determines if it will be attracted to another for the process of bonding.
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| Oxygen | Needed product for cell respiration
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| Carbon Dioxide | Waste product for cell respiration
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| When we EXERCISE, we really feel the products of cell respiraton, because... | It produces heat.
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| Ionic bonds | The ones with a + want to pair up with a -.
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| Cations | Carry a positive charge.
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| Anions | Carry a negative charge.
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| Covalent bonds | Involve the SHARING of electrons.
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| Example of a covalent bond | H2O (these bonds are identified by the #)
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| Example of a ionic bond | Na+ + Cl- = Table Salt (these bonds are identified by a + or -)
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| Glucose + Oxygen -> Carbon Dioxide, Water, ATP and heat | Formula for cell respiration
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| Synthesis Reaction | Requires ATP
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| Decomposition Reaction | Produces ATP
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| Chemical Reactions | Refers to the making or breaking of bonds.
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| Synthesis Reaction | Bonds are formed to join 2 or more molecules.
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| Decomposition Reaction | Bonds are broken; Molecule is broken down.
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| Cell Respiration | Energy production within the cells.
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| Buffer System | A chemical or pair of chemicals that minimize the changes in pH.
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| Water | Makes up 60-75% of the body.
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| Water Compartments | Intracellular (65%) Cytoplasm Extracellular (35%) Plasma, tissue fluid, lymph, specialized fluids.
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| Oligosaccharides | "Self" antigens in our cell membrane.
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| Glycogen | Storage form for excess glucose in the liver.
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| Amylase | Enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates.
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| Disaccharides | Added to other foods as a sweetener.
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| Glucose | Most important energy source for cells.
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| Provides fiber to promote peristalsis | Cellulose
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| Carbohydrate | Source of energy for the body.
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| Blood/Body pH | 7.35-7.45
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| Acidosis | Lower pH (increase H ions) Confused, disoriented, coma -> die
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| Alkalosis | Higher pH (decrease H ions) Irritablility, seizures, arrest -> die
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| Buffer system - Bicarbonate | 1st responder -> tissue, blood
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| Buffer system - Phosphate | kidneys
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| Buffer system - Protein | inside the cell
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| Buffer system - Respiratory | Rate of breathing
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| Calcium | Ca
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| Hydrogen | H
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| Carbon | C
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| Fluorine | F
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| Sodium | Na
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| Magnesium | Mg
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| Phosphorus | P
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| Sulfur | S
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| Chlorine | Cl
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| Potassium | K
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| Manganese | Mn
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| Iron | Fe
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| Cobalt | Co
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| Copper | Cu
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| Zinc | Zn
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| Iodine | I
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| Calcium | Provides strength in bones and teeth; Necessary for blood clotting; Necessary for muscle contraction.
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| Phosphorus | Provides strength in bones and teeth; Part of DNA, RNA and ATP; Part of cell membranes
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| Iron | Part of hemoglobin in red blood cells, transports oxygen; Part of myoglobin in muscles, stores oxygen; Necessary for cell respiration.
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| Copper | Necessary for cell respiration; Necessary for hemoglobin synthesis.
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| Sodium | Necessary for muscle contraction; necessary for nerve impulse transmission.
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| Potassium | Necessary for muscle contraction; necessary for nerve impulse transmission; Clotting.
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| Sulfur | Part of some proteins such as insulin and keratin
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| Cobalt | Part of Vitamin B12
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| Iodine | Part of thyroid hormones - thyroxine
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| Fat Soluble Vitamins | A,D,E,K
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| Vitamin A | Synthesis rhodopsin, calcification of growing bones, maintenance of epithelial tissues
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| Vitamin D | Absorption of calcium and phosphorus in the small intestine. Contributes to immune responses, action of insulin and preservation of muscle mass and strength.
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| Vitamin E | An antioxidant-prevents destruction of cell membranes. Contributes to wound healing and detoxifying ability of the liver.
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| Vitamin K | Synthesis of prothrombin and other clotting factors
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| Folic Acid | Synthesis of DNA, especially in blood cell production. Contributes to development of fetal CNS.
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| The alimentary tube | Extends from the mouth to the anus.
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| The alimentary tube | Consists of the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine.
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| Accessory organs | teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
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| Chemical digestion | Enzymes break down food / break down of complex organics into simpler organics.
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| Mechanical digestion | CHEWING - breaks food down into smaller pieces.
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| Carbohydrates (metabolizes) are digested to... | Glucose
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| Lipids/Fats (metabolizes) are digested to... | fatty acids and glycogen
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| Proteins (metabolizes) are digested to... | amino acids
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| Starches | Found in plant foods
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| Saturated fats | animal foods and solid at room temperature
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| Unsaturated fats | transfats and liquid at room temperature
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| Structural proteins | Form pores and receptor sites in cell membranes; Keratin/Collagen
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| Hormones | Insulin-enables cells to take in glucose; lowers blood glucose level; Growth hormone-increases protein synthesis and cell division
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| Hemoglobin | Enables red blood cells to carry oxygen
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| Myoglobin | Stores oxygen in muscle cells
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| Antibodies | Produced by lymphocytes (white blood cells); label pathogens for destruction
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| Myosin and actin | Muscle structure and contraction
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| Enzymes | Catalyst reactions
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| Steroids/Cholesterol | Part of cell membrane; Converted to Vitamin D: Converted by the liver to bile salts -> emulsify fats during digestion; Precursor for steriod hormones (estrogen/testosterone)
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| Phospholipids | Part of cell membrane (lecithin); forms the myelin sheath to provide electrical insulation for neurons.
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| LDL | Bad cholesterol (clogs your arteries)
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| HDL | Good cholesterol (higher in protein and lower in cholesterol--more easily removed from the blood by the liver and excreted in bile.
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| WATER | Is a solvent; Is a lubricant; Changes temperature slowly.
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| DNA | Found in chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell, it is the genetic code for hereditary characteristics
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| RNA | copies the genetic code of DNA to direct protein synthesis in the cytoplasm of cells.
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| ATP | energy transferring molecule, formed when cell respiration releases energy from food molecules, used for energy requiring cellular processes
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| Salivary glands | Parotid, Submandibular, Sublingual
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| Lower Esophageal Sphinter | Relaxes to allow food to enter the stomach, then contracts to prevent the backup of stomach contents.
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| Peristalsis | Waves of muscular contractions (one-way) that propel the contents through a hollow organ.
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| Mucosa | Lining of the alimentary tube; produces mucus.
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| Submucosa | Vascular-blood supply; Innervated-has communication with brain for digestion.
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| External Muscle Layer | Layer that is responsible for peristalsis.
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| Serosa | Outermost layer; Above the diaphragm -> mesentary membrane; Peritoneum -> Abdominal cavity.
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| Stomach | Mechanical digestion is complete; Begins the digestion of protein.
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| Mucous cells | Secrete mucus which coats the stomach lining.
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| Chief cells | Secrete pepsin.
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| Parietal cells | Produce Hydrochloric acid.
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| G cells | Produces gastric juice.
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| Tripsin | Protein enzyme
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| Pepsin | Protein enzyme
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| Lipase | Lipid enzyme
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| Bile | Lipid enzyme
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| Only digestive function of the Liver | to produce bile.
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| Metabolizes carbs, proteins, fats | Liver
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| Stores fat-soluble Vitamins A,D,E,K | Liver
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| Most important function of the liver | Detoxification
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| Phagocytosis by Kupffer cells | In the liver -> Destroy the bacteria, removing them from the blood before the blood returns to the heart.
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| 2 major functions of the pancreas | To make insulin and to make enzymes and bicarbonate juice and pancreatic juice.
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| Gallbladder | Stores bile until needed; cystic duct joins hepatic duct to form common bile duct.
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| Bile | Mostly water; breaks down fats; excretory function -> carries bilirubin and excess cholesterol for elimination in feces.
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| Secretin | Hormone produced by the duodenum; stimulates the production of bile.
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| Functions of the Large Intestine | Absorption of water, minerals, vitamins; elimination of undigestible material.
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| ectomy | excision/removal
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| itis | inflammation
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| logy | study of
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| endo | within
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| hemi | half
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| quadri | four
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| dys | pain
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| oma | tumor
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| megaly | enlargement
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| cyan/o | blue
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| erythr/o | red
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| R/O | rule out
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| NAD | no acute distress
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| WNL | within normal limits
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| febrile | fever, elevated temperature
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| morbidity | a diseased state
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| mortality | being subject to death
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| kg | kilogram
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| h.s. | hours sleep
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| PMH | past medical history
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| HPI | history of present illness
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| alimentary tube | hollow tube extending from mouth to anus
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| lower esophageal sphincter/cardiac sphincter | opening from esophagus to stomach
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| rugae | folds of the mucosa of organs such as the stomach and urinary bladder which permits the expansion of the organ
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| cecum | first part of the large intestine, the dead-end portion adjacent to the ileum
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| appendicitis | inflammation of the appendix
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| defacation reflex | spinal cord reflex that eliminate stool from the colon
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| albumin | a liver protein which is found in the plasma; contributes to osmotic pressure
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| ascites | abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal space
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| GERD | heartburn, reflux of contents from the stomach back into the esophagus (gastroesophageal reflux disease)
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| Atom | the smallest part of an element.
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| Which STOMACH cell makes mechanical digestion possible? | Parietal cells (make hydrochloric acid)
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| Fats are only broken down here... | the duodenum
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| Normal body temperature range | 96.5F - 99.5F
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| THYROXINE (Factor that affects heat production) | The most important regulator of day-to-day metabolism; increases use of food for ATP production, thereby increasing heat production
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| EPINEPHRINE AND SYMPATHETIC STIMULATION (Factor that affects heat production) | important in stress situations; increases the metabolic activity of many organs; increases ATP and heat production
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| SKELETAL MUSCLES (Factor that affects heat production) | Normal muscle tone requires ATP; the heat produced is about 25% of the total body heat at rest
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| LIVER (Factor that affects heat production) | Always metabolically active; produces as much as 20% of total body heat at rest
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| FOOD INTAKE (Factor that affects heat production) | Increases activity of the GI tract; increates ATP and heat production
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| HIGHER BODY TEMPERATURE (Factor that affects heat production) | Increases metabolic rate, which increases heat production, may become detrimental during high fevers
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| Radiation (Heat Loss) | Heat from the body is transferred to cooler objects not touching the skin
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| Conduction (Heat Loss) | Loss of heat to cooler air or objects that touch the skin, such as clothing
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| Convection (Heat Loss) | Air currents move warm air away from the skin
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| Sweating (Heat Loss) | excess body heat evaporates sweat on the skin surface
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| Respiratory tract (Heat Loss) | Evaporation - body heat evaporates water from the respiratory mucosa, and water vapor is exhaled
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| Urinary tract (Heat Loss) | Urination (urine is at body temperature when eliminated)
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| Digestive tract (Heat Loss) | Defecation (feces are at body temperature when eliminated)
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| Hypothalmus | responsible for the regulation of body temperature "the thermostat" of the body
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| Metabolism | all of the reactions that take place in the body
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| Anabolism | synthesis reactions, the bonding together of smaller molecules to form larger ones
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| Catabolism | decomposition, the breaking of larger molecules to form smaller molecules
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| The potential energy in food is measured in units called... | Calories
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| dehydration | raises osmolarity
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| osmolarity | the concentration of dissolved materials in the urine
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| Electolyte - Sodium | 136-142 - creates much of the osmotic pressure of ECF; most abundant cation in ECF; essential for electrical activity of neurons and muscle cells
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| Electrolyte - Potassium | 3.5-5.0 - creates much of the osmotic pressure of ICF; most abundant cation in ICF; essential for electrical activity of neurons and muscle cells
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