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AnP II Chaps 31-34
Anatomy & Physiology II Finals
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the function of the male reproductive system? | To ensure the survival of the species |
| Male essential organ for gamete production | Testes |
| Male reproductive system accessory organs? (5) | Genital ducts, Epididymis, Vas deferens, Ejaculatory ducts, & Urethra |
| Male reproductive system accessory glands? (3) | Seminal vesicles (60% of semen), Prostate (30% of semen), & Bulborethral glands (5% of semen) |
| Male reproductive supporting structures? (3) | Scrotum, Penis, & Pair of spermatic cords |
| Origin of Testosterone secretion? | Interstitial cells (between lobules in testes) |
| Describe the location of Testes in the scrotum | One testes in each of 2 scrotal compartments |
| Describe the structure of lobules in testes | Seminiferous tubules, Interstitial cells (of Leydig), Separated by septa, & encased in tunica albuginea |
| Primary sexual characteristics? (2) | Maturity of gonads & reproductive tract |
| Examples of secondary sexual characteristics? | Fat, Hair distribution, Skeletal changes, etc. |
| What do you call a mature male gamete? | Spermatozoon (singular); Spermatozoa (plural) |
| Name the 3 main parts of a spermatozoon? | Head, Midpiece & tail |
| Name the 3 male reproductive ducts | Epididymis, Vas deferens (ductus deferens), & Ejaculatory |
| Trace the course of seminal fluid | from testes, epididymis, vas deferens, ampulla, ejaculatory duct, & urethra |
| Name the parameters of Male & Female perineum; Name the 2 regions | Diamond shape between thighs; anteriorly from symphysis pubis to coccyx posteriorly; Ischial tuberosity on each side laterally. Divided into urogenital triangle (anterior) & anal triangle (posterior) |
| What is the function of the female reproductive system? | To produce offspring & ensure the continuity of the genetic code |
| Female essential organ for gamete production | Gonads (paired ovaries; internal) |
| Female reproductive accessory organs? (5) | Internal genitals (uterine tubes, uterus, vagina): External genitals (vulva): Additional sex glands (mammary glands, etc.) |
| development of fetus in a place OTHER than the uterus | Ectopic pregnancy |
| Oocyte released from the ovary | Ovum |
| The process of mature egg formation | Oogenesis |
| Describe the structure of the uterus | Pear-shaped with 2 main parts (cervix & body |
| What are the 3 layers of the uterine walls? | Inner endometrium, Middle myometrium (muscle), Outer (incomplete parietal peritoneum) |
| Supplies nutrition into the zygote until the placenta is produced | Endometrial glands |
| Organ that permits exchange of materials between mother's blood and fetal blood | Placenta |
| Cyclical event that allows endometrial renewal | Menstruation |
| A mucous membrane that forms a border around the vagina in young premenstrual females | Hymen |
| Name the external female genitals (7) | Mons pubis, Labia majora, Labia minora, Clitoris, Urinary meatus, Vaginal orifice, & Greater vestibular glands |
| What is the function of the Mons pubis & Labia | Protect clitoris & vestibule |
| Name the 4 female reproductive cycles | Ovarian (development of oocytes via meiosis), Menstrual (endometrial cycle), Myometrial (contractions at menstruation), & Gonadotropic (pituitary secretions) |
| Name the 4 phases of mentrual cycle | Menses, Postmentrual phase, Ovulation, & Premenstrual phase |
| Female hormonal controls (4) | Ovary changes, Uterine changes,Low amounts of FSH & LH,Gonadotropin changes |
| 3 decades of female reproductive maturity | Menarche |
| Termination (cessation) of menstrual cycles | Menopause |
| Span of prenatal period | from conception to birth |
| Span of postnatal period | from birth until death |
| Study of changes occuring during the cycles of life from conception to death | Human Development Biology |
| Nuclear division in which the number of chromosomes is reduced to half their original number through separation of homologous pairs | Meiosis |
| Complex process in which a cell's DNA is replicated & divided equally between 2 daughter cells | Mitosis |
| production of spematozoa | Spermatogenesis |
| Production of ova | Oogenensis |
| Expulsion of mature ovum from mature ovarian follicle | Ovulation |
| Expulsion of seminal fluid from male into female vagina | Insemination |
| Heat from oviducts (fallopian tubes) | Thermotaxis |
| Attracting cells in or away from the vicinity | Chemotaxis |
| Fertilized ovum; genetically complete | Zygote |
| Solid mass of cells formed from zygote; takes 3 days | Morula |
| Hollow ball of cells formed after Morulla phase; implants into uterine lining | Blastocyst |
| Name for the outer wall of Blastocyst | Trophoblast |
| Inner portion of Blastocyst, consist of yolk sac & amniotic cavity | Inner Cell Mass |
| Endocrine Function of Placenta | Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG); stimulates Corpus Luteum to continue Estrogen & Progesterone secretion |
| Span of Gestation period | Entire pregnancy (39 weeks of 3 month segments; trimesters) |
| Span of Embryonic Phase | form Fertilization until end of week 8 |
| Span of Fetal Phase | Weeks 8 to 39 |
| Name the cell's 3 germ layers formed from cells of embryonic disk | Endoderm (inside layer), Mesoderm (middle layer), & Ectoderm (outside layer) |
| The process of tissue development | Histogenesis |
| The arrangement of tissues into organs | Organogenesis |
| What hormone triggers Parturition (birth)? | Cortisol (it also reduces hCG/Progesterone secretion) |
| Define the 3 Stages of Labor | One (contractions-dilation); Two (dilation-birth); Three (expulsion of placenta) |
| Type of twins; splitting of embryonic tissue from same zygote early in development | Identical Twins |
| Type of twins; feritilization of 2 different ova by 2 different spermatozoa | Fraternal Twins |
| Span of Infancy | Birth until 18 months |
| Span of Childhood | from end of infancy to sexual maturity, or puberty |
| Span of Adolescent | Teenage years (13 to 19) |
| Anatomy's description of adulthood period | Maintenance of existing body tissues |
| Degenerative changes | Senescence |
| Build-up of fatty deposits on blood vessel walls (narrowing) | Atherosclerosis |
| "hardening" of the arteries | Arteriosclerosis |
| Far-sightedness due to hardening of eye lens | Presbyopia |
| Cloudy eye lens, which impairs vision | Cataract |
| Increased pressure with eyeball | Glaucoma |
| Clinical name for High Blood Pressure | Hypertension |
| The study of inheritance; how biological characteristics are inherited | Genetics |
| Directly inherited diseases | Hereditary diseases |
| Analysis of all proteins encoded by the genome (human proteome) | Proteomics |
| Analysis of the sequence contained in the genome | Genomics |
| Masks the effects of recessive gene for the same trait | Dominant Gene |
| effects are masked by the effects of a dominant gene for the same trait | Recessive gene |
| Gene combination | Genotype |
| Genotype with 2 identical forms of a gene | Homozygous |
| Genotype with 2 different forms of a gene | Heterozygous |
| Manner in which genotype is expressed; how an individual looks as a result of genotype | Phenotype |
| Possesssing the gene for a recessive trait but does not exhibit the trait | Carrier |
| When more than one gene is involved in producing a particular trait (e.g. height) | Polygenic traits |
| When 2 different dominant genes occur together, each will have an equal effect | Codominant traits |
| Change in the genetic code | Mutation |
| Extra information by genetic mutation | Insertion |
| Missing information by genetic mutation | Deletion |
| An agent that can cause genetic mutations | Mutagens |
| Disease caused by recessive genes in chromosome pair 7. Impairment of chloride ion transport across cell membranes | Cystic Fibrosis |
| Disease caused by a recessive gene that fail to produce phenylalanine hydroxylase. Phenylalanine cannot be metabolized and thus accumulates. High concentrations of phenylalanine destroy brain tissue | Phenylketonuria (PKU) |
| Disease caused by a recessive condition with missing lipid-processing enzyme. Abnormal lipids accumulate in brain | Tay-Sachs Disease |
| Disease caused by a dominant genetic disorder of connective tissues | Osteogenesis imperfecta |
| Disease caused by a dominant inherited disorder. Characterized by multiple benign tumors of glial cells that surround nerve fibers | Multiple neurofibromatosis |
| Down syndrome's mental retardation and multiple defects | Trisomy 21 |
| Disease in males having more than one X chromosomes | Kleinfelter Syndrome |
| Genotype XO. Characterized by failure of ovaries & other organs to mature, sterility, cardiovascular defects, dwarfism, webbed neck & learning disorders | Turner Syndrome |
| Genes capable of causing cancer | Oncogenes |
| Name the 3 genetic basis of cancer | Oncogenes, Tumor suppressor genes, Genetic abnormalities |
| Name 3 ways of prevention & treatment of genetic diseases | Genetic counseling, Gene replacement, & Karyotype |
| Chart illustrating genetic relationships in a family over several generations | Pedigree |
| Grid used to determine the mathematical probability of inheriting genetic traits | Punnet Square |
| Ordered arrangement of photographs of chromosomes from a single cell; used in genetic counseling to identify chromosomal disorders | Karyotype |
| Therapy by changing the genetic code to replace normal proteins that are absent in genetic disorders | Gene Therapy |
| Abnormal, disease-causing proteins replaced by "Therapeutic" genes | Gene replacement |
| Normal genes introduced to augment production of needed protein | Gene Augmentation |
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