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Human Origins Exam 2
Exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the PRENATAL STAGE? | 3 trimesters of pregnancy, ends with birth |
| What is the POST NATAL STAGE? | Includes neonatal period, infancy, childhood, juvenile period, puberty, and adolescence |
| What is the ADULT STAGE? | includes reproductive period and senescence |
| What is SENESCENCE? | period of time after childbearing years |
| What is DECIDUOUS DENTITION? | first set of teeth, baby teeth |
| What is MENARCHE? | onset of menstruation in females |
| What is SEXUAL DIMORPHISM? | difference in physical attribute between males and females of a species |
| What are EPIPHYSES? | end portions of long bones, once they fuse, bones stop growing longer |
| What are FUNCTIONAL ADAPTATIONS? | biological changes that occur during an individual's lifetime increasing fitness |
| What is HOMEOSTASIS? | the maitenence of the internal environment of an organism |
| What is MENOPAUSE? | the cessation of the menstrual cycle |
| What is OSTEOPOROSIS? | loss of bone mass |
| FUNCTIONAL ADAPTATIONS | biological changes that occur during an individual's lifetime, increasing the individual's fitness in the environment |
| HOMEOTHERMIC | an organism's ability to maintain a constant body temperature |
| VASODILATION | increase in blood vessels' diameter, caused by drugs or hot temperatures |
| BERGMANN'S RULE | animal's size is heat-related - smaller bodies are adapted to hot environments, larger bodies to cold environments |
| ALLEN'S RULE | animal's limb lengths are heat-related - limbs are longer in hot environments, shorter in cold |
| HYPOTHERMIA | condition in which an organism's body temperature falls below normal range |
| VASOCONSTRICTION | decrease in blood vessels' diameter due to drugs or cold temperatures |
| BASAL METABOLIC RATE (BMR) | rate at which organism's body, while at rest, expends energy to maintain basic bodily functions |
| SKIN REFLECTANCE | can be measured and used to assess skin color |
| MELANOCYTES | melanin-producing cells in skin |
| MELANIN | brown pigment that determines the darkness/lightness of human skin color |
| RICKETS | disorder in which poorly mineralized bones become soft, prone to facture, can warp or bow |
| HYPOXIA | condition in which organism is not able to breathe in adequate amounts of oxygen |
| HEAT - FIRST EXPOSURE | vasodilation, profuse sweating, but reduce with continuous exposure |
| HEAT FUNCTION ADAPTATION | less sweating, normal work performance |
| HEAT - GENETIC ADAPTATION | narrow body, long limbs |
| COLD - FIRST EXPOSURE | vasoconstriction, shivering, but effects reduce after continuous exposure brings warmer skin temperature |
| COLD - FUNCTIONAL ADAPTATION | tolerance to cold and to lowering of skin temperature, metabolic heat lower, peripheral body temperature higher |
| COLD - GENETIC ADAPTATION | large, wide body, short limbs |
| SOLAR UV RADIATION - FIRST EXPOSURE | sunburn, followed by increased melanin production |
| SOLAR UV RADIATION - FUNCTIONAL ADAPTATION | tanning, thickening of skin |
| SOLAR UV RADIATION - GENETIC ADAPTATION | high melanin production (dark skin) |
| HIGH ALTITUDE - FIRST EXPOSURE | hypoxia results in headache, nausea, loss of appetite, fatigue, but symptoms disappear in a few days |
| HIGH ALTITUDE - FUNCTIONAL ADAPTATION | greater diameter of arteries and veins, greater blood flow to body tissues, greater lung volume, more efficient use of oxygen |
| HIGH ALTITUDE - GENETIC ADAPTATION | high oxygen saturation in hemoglobin |
| MACRONUTRIENTS | essential chemical nutrients a body needs to live and function normally (fat, carbs, protein) |
| MICRONUTRIENTS | essential substances needed in small amounts to maintain normal body functioning (vitamins, minerals) |
| MALNUTRITION | includes both UNDER-NUTRITION and OVER-NUTRITION |
| HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA | presence of high levels of cholesterol in blood |
| BONE RIGIDITY | strength of bone to resist bending and torsion |
| OSTEOBLASTS | cells responsible for bone formation |
| BONE MASS | density of bone per unit of measure |
| OSTEOCLASTS | cells responsible for bone resorption |
| WOLFF'S LAW | bones develop where needed, recedes where it is not needed |
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