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HIST-174 Mid-term De
HIST-174 World Civ Mid-term Definitions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Tyche | the Greek goddess of fate and luck identified with the Roman goddess Fortuna 93 |
| democracy | through the rule of the people 29 |
| Pure Land | paying homage to the Buddha Amitabha and his chief helper, one could achieve rebirth in Amitabha's paradise 152 |
| monotheism | the belief in one God Aton among the traditional Egyptian deities was one God 12 |
| Paterfamilias | the oldest dominent male of the family who holds nearly absolute power over the lives of family members as long as he lives 109 |
| Chan | rejected the authority of the Sutras and claimed the superiority of mind-to-mind transmission of Buddhist truths 152 |
| Ren | the ultimate Confucian virtue translated as perfect goodness, benevolence, humanity, human-heartedness, and nobility 64 |
| outcastes | people not belonging to a caste; they were often scorned and sometimes deemed "untouchables" 35 |
| petrine doctrine | the statement used by popes, bishops of Rome, based on Jesus' words, to substantiate their claim of being the successors of Saint Peter and heirs to his authority as of chief of the apostles 171 |
| Yin and yang | a concept of completmentary poles, one of which represents the feminine, dark, and receptive, and the other masculine, bright, and assertive 71 |
| coenobitic | Communal living in monasteries, encouraged by Saint Basil and the church because it provided an environment for training the aspirant in the virtues of charity, poverty, and freedom from self-deception 172 |
| coenobitic | Communal living in monasteries, encouraged by Saint Basil and the church because it provided an environment for training the aspirant in the virtues of charity, poverty, and freedom from self-deception 172 |
| Hyksos | Called "rulers of the uplans" by the Egyptians, these people began to settle in the Nile Delta shortly after 1800 B.C.E 11 |
| diaspora | The dispersion of the Jews from Jerusalem between 132 and 135. 166 |
| Oligarchy | "The rule of a few" a type of Greek government in which a small group of wealthy citizens, not necessarily of aristocratic birth, ruled. 79 |
| caliph | The successor to Muhammad; the representative or deputy of God. 192 |
| logographic | A language in which each word is represented by a single symbol, such as the Chinese script. 57 |
| Indo-European | A large family of languages that includes English, most of the languages of Europe, Greek, Latin, Persian, and Sandkrit, the sacred tongue of ancient India. 14 |
| Rig Veda | The earliest collection of hymns, rituals texts, and philosophical treaties, it is the central source of information on early Aryans. 34 |
| Heliocentric | The belief that the world revolves around the sun. 95 |
| Jihad | “Holy War,” an Arabic term that some scholars interpret as the individual struggle against sin and others interpret as having a social and communal implication. 195 |
| Karma | The tally of good and bad deeds that determines the statutes of an individual’s next life. 36 |
| Epicureanism | A Greek system of philosophy founded on the teachings of Epicurus, which emphasized that a life of contentment free from fear and suffering was the greatest good. 94 |
| Ulama | A group of religious scholars whom Sunnis trust to interpret the Qur’an and the Sunna. 198 |
| Neolithic Period | The period between 7000 and 3000 b.c.e. that serves as the dividing line between anthropology and history. The term itself refers to the new stone tools that came into use at this time. 3 |
| Latifundia | Huge Roman estates created by buying up several small farms. 111 |
| Shinto | The “Way of the Gods,” it was the native religion espoused by the Yamato rulers of Japan. 157 |
| Wergeld | “Man-money” or “Money to pay off the spear”; according to the code of Salian Franks, this is the particular monetary value of each member of the tribe. 181 |
| Moksha | Release from the wheel of life. (Brahmanism) 36 |
| Toga | The distinctive garment of Roman men, made of a long sash wrapped around the body. The wearing of the toga was forbidden to non-citizens. 104 |
| Manumission | (Greek) The freeing of individual slaves by their masters. 109 |
| Koine | a common dialect of the Greek language that influenced the speech of all Greeks. 91 |
| Dharma | The moral law that the Hindus observe in their quest for brahman. 42 |
| Heresy | A non-orthodox religious practice of belief. 115 |
| Natural Law | The belief that the laws governing ethical behavior are written into nature itself and therefore posses universal validity. 95 |
| Polis | Generally translated as “city-state,” it was the basic political and institutional unit of Greece. 78 |
| Pax Romana | A period during the first and second centuries c.e. of security, order, flourishing culture,harmony, and expanding economy. 109 |
| Anyang | The best excavated of the Shang Dynasty capitals. 55 |
| Harappan | The first Indian civilization; it is also known as the Indus Valley civilization. 31 |
| Eucharist | A christian sacrament in which the death of Christ is communally remembered through a meal of bread and wine. 117 |
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