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The Nervous System
CNS for A&P
| Term | Definition and location |
|---|---|
| longitudinal fissure | separates the cerebral hemispheres from one another |
| transverse fissure | separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum |
| gyri | elevated ridges on tissues of brain surface |
| sulci | Shallow grooves between the gyri |
| lateral sulcus | separates termporal lobe from the frontal lobe and the parietal lobe |
| central sulcus | separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe. Contains pre and postcentral gyri. |
| cerebral cortex | the conscious mind; contains motor, sensory, and association areas. |
| motor area | controls voluntary movement (frontal lobe) |
| sensory area | conscious awareness of incoming stimuli |
| association area | integrate, analyze, evaluate information for purposeful action |
| 6 lobes on each side: | frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, insular, and libmic |
| Frontal Lobe | voluntray muscle activation, emotions and judgments, Broca's area ( controls motor aspect of speech), and frontal eye field |
| Primary motor area | in precentral gyrus. Allows for voluntary control of skeletal movement. |
| Damage to primary motor area | affects voluntary movement, not reflex movements |
| Pyramidal cells | in precentral gyrus, form the voluntary motor tract |
| voluntary motor tract | also called corticospinal tract |
| Premotor cortex | found anterior to precentral gyrus. controls learned motor patterns like typing. |
| Broca's area | in left frontal lobe. Controls speaking ability. |
| Damage to Broca's area | failure of word formation, younger than 10 can re-establish in the right hemisphere |
| Frontal eye field | voluntary movement of eyes |
| Parietal Lobe | Postcentral gyrus: primary sensory cortex for integration of sensation; receives fibers conveying touch, prioproception, pain and temperature from the opposite side of the body |
| Primary somatosensory cortex | in postecentral gyrus, info received from proprioreceptors in muscles and skin's sensory receptors to identify the area being stimulated. |
| Somatosensory association area | analyzes and evaluates sensory inputs for texture, size, relationship of its parts. Recognition by stored memories. |
| Occipital lobe | visual input and interpretation |
| Primary visual cortex | info from optic nerve for perception of visual stimuli (Occipital lobe) |
| Damage to primary visual cortex | total blindness |
| Visual association area | recognize/interpret visual images by past experience (occipital lobe) |
| damage to visual association area | sight ok but unable to interpret what is seen |
| Temporal lobe | receives and processes auditory stimuli, Wernicke's area(language comprehension) |
| primary auditory area | superior margin of temporal lobe, input from cochlear receptors for pitch, rhythm, loudness (temporal lobe) |
| auditory association area | stores memories of sounds for reference, ability to distinguish (speech vs singing) |
| olfactory cortex | sensory info from chemoreceptors in nose (temporal) |
| gustatory cortex | info from taste buds (temporal) |
| Insula | forms the floor of lateral sulcus; memory coding, integration of sensory inform with visceral responses, coordinating the cardiovasuclar response to stress |
| prefrontal cortex | personality, judgement, intellect, moods (limbic system). Develops by positive and negative feedback/social cues. |
| affective language areas | interprets nonverbal, emotional components (tone of voice) |
| General interpretation area | typically left hemisphere, stores complex auditory and visual memory patterns. Receives info from all sensory association areas. |
| Damage to gen. interpretation area | hear individual words but cannot speak in understandable form |
| Wernicke's area | language expression/comprehension, sounding out words *permanently assigned before adolescence |
| Damage to wernicke | inability to understand words seen or heard, words spoken do not make sense together |
| Limbic system | emotional states, located in medial aspects of each cerebral hemisphere and diencephalon |
| Limbic system functions | memory storage/retrieval, motivation, linking conscious functions of cortex with brain stem |
| Amygdala | emotion and memory, esp. fear and anxiety |
| Hippocampus | learning/memory |
| Damage to Hippocampus | can't learn new info (no short term memory) |
| Reticular formation | located in medulla, pons, midbrain in the reticular substance |
| Function RAS | consicousness, arousal, sends signals to cortex and antigravity muscles, receives input from afferent tracts |
| Reticular inhibitory center | medial and anterior section of medulla oblongata, functions to decrease action potentials from RAS, so decreased muscle tone during sleep |
| Sleep waves | Large amplitude, slow frequency |
| Left hemisphere | usually dominate, reasoning language, math, logic |
| Right hemisphere | creativity, intuition, emotion |
| Disconnection syndrome | transection of corpus callosum so R & L hemispheres try to go at the same time. Objects touched by left hand are recognized but can't be verbally idenitified. |
| Plasticity | neuronal connections can change with experience (less with age), skills can transfer to other hemisphere if there is damage |
| Learning | 12 hour baby knows train travels behind curtain will come out the other side; 3 month |
| Associative learning | two stimuli associated with each other (Pavlov) |
| Non-associative learning | imitative behavior; habituation, sensitization |
| Habituation | decreased response to irrelevant stimuli (repeated) |
| Sensitization | exposure to relevant stimuli creates an enhanced response |
| Short-term memory | store 8-11 pieces of information, info in STM lost unless put in LTM |
| Working memory | STM for tasks; looking both ways to cross street |
| Long-term memory | can be reflexive or declarative |
| Reflexive (LTM) | implicit memroy, by repetition, involves amygdala and cerebellum tasks like tying shoes |
| Declarative (LTM) | explicit memory, by conscious attention, involves temporal lobes |
| Neurotransmitters | chage the resting membrane potential; act rapidly for fast synapitc communication, open ion channels |
| Neuromodulators | act upon ion channels, 2nd messenger system |
| GABA | inhibitory CNS neurotransmitter, opens Cl channels on postynaptic targets for hyperpolarization |
| Glutamate | excitatory CNS neurotransmitter, opens Na channels on postsynaptic tragets = depolarization |
| Cerebral white matter | communication between cerebral areas and cerebral cortex and lower CNS, myelinated fiber bundles, oligodendrocytes |
| Commisural fiber tracts | horizontal to connect areas of cerebral hemispheres |
| Corpus callosum | largest commisurre, superior to lateral ventricles |
| association tract | transmit impulses within a single hemisphere, short association fibers connct adjacent gryi, long association fibers connect different cortical lobes |
| projection tracts | vertical to unite cerebral hemispheres with lower brain and spinal cord (connect brain with rest of body) |
| internal capsule | asending and descending projection tracts, form a copmact bundle as they pass betwen thalamus and basal nuclei |
| corona radiata | projection tract fibers disperse into cerebral white matter |
| Basal nuclei | corpus striatum, paired masses og gray matter found within white matter of cerebral hemispheres |
| Lentiform nucleus | Putamen (neurons are active prior to body movements) and Globus pallidus (regulate muscle tone) |
| Caudate nucleus | coordinate gross motor movement patterns like gait, activity of neurons before eye movement |
| Corpus Striatum | the combination of caudate and lentiform nuclei |
| Functions of Basal nuclei | invovled in slow rhythmic movements, inhibit antagonistic movements |
| Impairment of basal nuclei | abnormal posture, muscle tone tremors (Parkinson's, Hunting's Chorea) |
| Parkinson's | substentia nigra cells destroyed, inadequate dopamine = no inhibition of basal nuclei's movement |
| L-dopa | can get through the blood brain barrier, only good for 3-5 years |
| Diencephalon | central core of brain: thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, surrounding the third centricle |
| Thalamus | sensory impulses from spinal cord, brain stem, cerebellum, to cerebal cortex. |
| Functions of Thalamus | acts as a filter (edits information) afferent impulses from all over the body converge on thalmaic nuclei, some conscious awareness of emotional states |
| Hypothalamus | integrates ANS and endocrine system), maintains body homeostasiss:temperature, appetite, thirst, sexual behavior, and emotion |
| Epithalamus | roof of third ventricle, includes choroid plexus and pineal gland |
| Pineal gland | melatonin from serotonin (sleep-wake), antioxidant for CNS neurons |
| Choroid plexus | forms cerebrospinal fluid |
| Brain stem | midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata |
| Midbrain | contains cerebral aqueduct, cerebral peduncles, copora quadrigemina, superior and inferior colliculi |
| Cerebral aqueduct | (in midbrain) connects 3rd and 4th ventricles |
| Cerebral peduncles | pair of fiber bundles on ventral surface of midbrain, contain the corticospinal tracts |
| corpora quadrigemina | rounded emincences on dorsal portion of midbrain, posterior to cerebral aqueduct |
| Superior colliculi | reflex for movments of eyeballs and head in response to visual and other stimuli, coordinate movements for visual tracking |
| Inferior colliculi | reflex for movements of head and trunk in response to auditory stimuli |
| Pons | between midbrain and medulla oblongata, contains deep longitudianl projection fiber for the motor and senosry tracts (connect the spinal cord and medulla with higher brain centers) |
| Middle cerebellar peduncles | (Pons) contains transverse fibers to connect pons with cerebellum |
| Medulla Oblongata | below pon, continuation of spinal cord, contains pyramids and inferior cerebellar peduncles |
| Pyramids | (Medulla) longitudianl ridges contain corticospinal tracts from cerebral cortex |
| Inferior cerebellar peduncles | fiber tracts that conect the medulla to the cerebellum dorsally |
| Functions medulla visceral nuclei | Cardiac center (force/rate of heart by ANS), Vasomotor center (regulates BP), respiratory center |
| Vasodilation | decrease in action potential, decrease in BP |
| Vasoconstriction | increase in action potentials, increase in BP |
| Cerebellum | separated from temoral and occipital lobes by transveres fissure |
| Functions of Cerebellum | subconsciously coordinate fine and gross motor movements, posture, balance, fore and direction of movement |
| Anatomy of cerebellum | 2 cerebellar hemispheres |
| Vermis | connects the cerebellar hemispheres |
| Folia | transversley oriented surface ridges of cerebellum |
| Anterior and Posterior lobe of Cerebellum | integrating and executing movement |
| Flocculonodular lobe of Cerebellum | maintains equillibrium and eye movements |
| Superior cerebellar peduncles | efferent,(away from CNS) and afferent (toward CNS) tracts |
| Efferent Superior cerebellar pedundcle tract | connects to midbrain and cerebral motor cortex via cerebellothalamocoritical tract |
| Afferent Superior cerebellar peduncle tract | input from anterior spinocerebellar tract and sends these to cerebellum |
| Middle cerebellar peduncles | connects pons with cerebellum, one way transmission to cerebellum = awareness of motor cortex's action |
| Inferior cerebellar peduncles | connects cerebellum with medlla, contains afferent nerve tracts (give cerebellum info from proprioreceptors). equilibrium and balance |
| Meninges | dura mater, arachnoid matter, pia mater |
| Dura mater | outer layer composed of periosteal layer and meningeal layer |
| Peristeal dura mater | thicker, inelastic outer layer, adhres to cranial bones |
| Menigeal dura mater | thinner, inner layer invaginates to form flat septa that serve to limit excessive movement of the brain within the skull |
| Falx cerebri | in longitudinal fissure, attaches to crista gali, helps brain move when head moves |
| Tentorium cerebelli | transverse fissure between cerebrum and cerebellum |
| Arachnoid mater | middle meninge, contains serous fluid (allows movment) |
| Subarachoid space | between arachnoid and pia mater, contains CSF arachnoid villa absorbs CSF into dural sinuses |
| Pia mater | thin, vascular loose CT on surface of brain, dips into all sulci and fissures |
| Cerebsopinal fluid | liquid cusion for CNS, water consistency, nutrient rich |
| Choroid plexuses | clusters of capillaries located in ventricles which form CSF |
| Blood brain barrier | endothelium and basal lamina of cappillaries, keeps brain's environment stable |
| Spinal cord | 31 segments, paired spinal nerves |
| Cervical enlargement | contains nerves for upper extremeties, C4-T1 |
| Lumbar enlargement | contains neres supplying lower extremeties, T9-T12 |
| Spinal dural sheath | formed by single dura mater (only menigeal layer) |
| epidural space | not in brain, only vertebrae, filled with fat, CT and blood vessels |
| subdural space | space between dura and arachnoid mater, contains serous fluid |
| Subarachnoid space | between arachnoid and pia mater, circulation CSF |
| Grey mater of spinal cord | neuron cells cell bodies and neuroglia, anterior, posteral and lateral horns |
| Anterior (ventral) horns | cell bodies somatic motor neurons, motor part of grey mater = voluntary control muscle, axons carried via ventral roots |
| Posterior (dorsal) horns | interneurons, sensory part of grey matter |
| Lateral honrs | autonomic motor neurons innervate visceral organs, axons carried within dorsal roots |
| Spinal nerves | fusing of dorsal and ventral roots. |
| Dorsal root | afferent fibers receive from peripheral sensory receptors |
| Dorsal root ganglion | nerve cell bodies of sensory neurons |
| White matter | myleinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers: ascending tracts (to brain), descending tacts (to spine), horizontal tracts (one side of cord to another) |
| Names of tracts | white column + origin of cell bodies + termination of axons + direction of impulse within tract |
| Ascending (sensory) tracts | to brain, from sensory receptors in skin and propriorectors in muscles/joints/tendons |
| fasciculi gracilis and fasciculi cuneatus | conscious interpretation of light touch, weight discrimination, sterognosis (recongize by touch), conscious proprioception |
| lateral spinothalmic tract | information for pain and temperature |
| anterior spinothalmic tract | information for crude touch and pressure |
| anterior (ventral) spinocerebellar tract | information to cerebellum for subconscious propriocrecption in trunk and lower limbs, coordinates muscle activity |
| Anterior spinocerebellar tract uses what paths | efferent signals from anterior hornos via corticospinal and rubrospinal tracts, back to cerebellum by superior cerebellar peduncle |
| Posterior (dorsal) spinocerebellar tract | information to cerebellum vis ainferio rcerebellar peduncle about subconscious propriorecption in lower limbs |
| Posterior spinocerebellar tract uses what path | receive afferent impulses from somatic recepotrs and golgi tendon organs, helps with joint position, rate of joint movement, muscle contraction |
| Descending (motor) tracts | dliver efferent impulses from the brain--> spinal cord |
| Pyramidal/corticospinal tract | "direct", precise voluntary movement, skilled patterns, includes lateral and anterior corticospinal tracts motor impulses from cerebrum--> spinal cord |
| Indirect/other motor pathways | from brain stem for balance, posture, coarse movements, visually tracking objects |
| Tectospinal | coordinates head and eye movments, arises in superior colliculi of midbrain |
| Reticulospinal | pontine and medullary divisions, controls most unskilled gross movements like walking |
| Pontine reticulspinal tract | excitatory to muscles that support the body against gravity (balance) |
| Medullary reticulospinal tract | inhibits antigravity muscles (up step) |
| Vestibulospinal | balance for skeletal muscle movment in response to movements of the head |
| Rubrospinal | arises from red nucleus in mesencephalon, muscle tone and posture on opposite side of body |
| lower motor lesions | damage to anterior horn motor neurons = flaccid paralysis, neither voluntary or involuntary movement, no reflexes |
| upper motor lesions | pyramidal neurons, spastic paralysis = reflex ok |
| Three primary germ layers | ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm |
| Ectoderm | nervous tissue, epidermis |
| Mesoderm | muscle, Connective tissue, mesothelium and endothelium |
| Endoderm | mucous membranes |
| Notochord | rod of mesodermal cells, eventaully replaced by vetebral column |
| 17th day of development | ectoderm overlapping notochord thickens to form neural plate |
| 21st day of development | raised edges of neural palte form neural folds |
| 23rd day of development | superior margins of neural folds fuse to form neural tube, detaches from ectoderm |
| Anterior end of neural tube | forms brain and sensory organs |
| posterior end of neural tube | spinal cord |
| 28th day of development | bain forms at anteior neural tube |
| Three primary brain vesicles (28th day) | forebrain (prosencephalon), midbrain (mesencephalon), hindbrain (rhombencephalon) |
| 35th day of development | secondary brain vesicles, forebrain divides--> cerebrum, diencephalon (epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalmus), hindbrain pons, cerebellum, medulla oblongata |
| origin of ventricles of brain | from enlargements in central cavity of neural tube |
| Lateral ventricles | pair, one in each cerebral hemisphere, separated by septum pellucidum, communicate with 3rd ventricle via interventricular foramen |
| Cerebral aqueduct | communicates with 3rd and 4th ventricles |
| Fourth ventricle | opens into subarachnoid space, containing CSF |
| Capillary groups | Choroid plexuses on roof of 3rd and 4th ventricles, contain CSF |
| Sympathetic Division | Activates or speeds up organs. "Fight or Flight" |
| Parasympathetic Division | Slows down organs. "Rest & Digest" |
| Autonomic Nervous System | Regulates activities that are automatic of involuntary. Maintains functioning of many organs |
| Sensory Division | Affrent -Transmits impulses to the CNS |
| Motor Division | Efferent - Tansmits impulses from CNS to muscles or glands. |
| Peripheral Nervous System | The nervous system outside the brain & spinal cord. |
| Division of PNS | (A) Sensory Division - Afferent (B) Motor Division - Efferent |
| Limbic system functions are: | feeding, agression, emotions, endocrine aspect of sexual response |
| Basal ganglia | masses of gray matter deep withinh the cerebral hemispheres |
| Epithalamus | Habenular nuclei: integrate olfactory, visual and somatic afferent pathways; Pineal glang: secrets hormones that inluence the oituitary gland and several other organs |
| Brainstem: | midbrain -mesencephalon, pons, and modulla oblongata |
| Medulla oblongata | center for vitual functions: cardiac, respiratory, and vasomotor centers |
| cerebellum: | archicerebellum, paleocerebellum ( spinocerebelum), neocerebellum (panthocerebellum) |
| archicerebellum | concerned with equilibrum, regulation of muscle tone, cordinates VO reflex |
| paleocerebellum ( spinocerebelum) | receives imput from proprioceptive pathways and is concered with modyfing muscle tone nd synergistic actions of muscles, important in maintance of posture |
| neocerebellum (panthocerebellum) | smooth coordination of voluntary movements, important for motor learning, sequencing of movements and visualy trigered movements |
Created by:
mmason
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