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APWH Unit 2 Vocab
Unit 2 Vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Astrolabe | an instrument used to determine latitude by measuring the position of the stars |
| Banking Houses | issued bills of exchange; model for modern banks |
| Batu Khan | the son of Genghis Khan's oldest son who led an army of 100,000 Mongolian soldiers into Russia conquering small Russian kingdoms |
| The Bubonic Plague | Mongol conquest brought fleas that carried the bubonic plague to Asia and Europe |
| Camel Saddle | saddles developed by South Arabians as the use of the camel spread |
| Caravans | groups of people traveling together for mutual protection, often with pack animals such as camels |
| Caravanserai | inns that popped up about 100 miles apart (the distance a camel could go before they needed water) along the routes of the Silk Roads |
| Composite bow | a versatile weapon that provided the Mongol cavalry with superior range, accuracy, and mobility, contributing to their military dominance and conquests |
| Constantinople | the capital of the eastern Roman Empire, the Byzantine Empire, and later the Ottoman Empire |
| Credit | an arrangement to receive cash, goods, or services now and pay for them in the future |
| Cultural Diffusion | the spread of ideas, religions and products often resulting from trade |
| Dhow Ships | Arab ships with lateen sails; strongly influenced European ship design; facilitated trade |
| Genghis Khan | name meaning "ruler of all" given to Temujin when he was elected khan of Mongolian Kingdom; also spelled Chinggis Khan |
| Ghana Empire | first of the great medieval trading empires of Western Africa known as the Land of Gold |
| Golden Horde | Batu's army that pushed westward through Russia then into Europe |
| Gunpowder | invented in China by the Tang Dynasty in the 9th century; used in siege warfare like cannons in the Song Dynasty |
| Hangzhou | capital of the Song Dynasty |
| The Hanseatic league | a commercial alliance that formed between northern German cities and Scandinavia in the 13th century |
| Hulegu | grandson of Genghis Khan that took control of the southwest region into the Abbasid territories and more of the Middle East until defeat in 1260 |
| Ibn Battuta | Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of this time |
| Il-Khanate | Hulegu's medieval Mongol state that ruled over Persia, Mesopotamia, and parts of the Caucasus and Anatolia, blending Mongol and Islamic cultures while serving as a regional power in the 13th and 14th centuries |
| Indian Ocean Basin | largest sea-based trade network at the time |
| Junk | Chinese sailing ship that developed during the Song Dynasty |
| Khanates | the four regional Mongol kingdoms that arose after the death of Genghis Khan |
| Khmer Empire | powerful and long-lasting empire in what is modern-day Cambodia, Thailand, Laos and Southern Vietnam |
| Kublai Khan | grandson of Genghis Khan that sought to conquer China and finally achieved it in 1271 and established the Yuan Dynasty |
| Lateen Sail | triangular shaped sail that could catch wind from many different directions |
| Magnetic Compass | navigation tool for determining direction that allowed ships to travel without following the coast |
| Malacca | a Muslim city-state that became wealthy by building a navy and collecting fee from ships that passed through the Strait of Malacca |
| Mali Empire | West African empire from 1235-1400 with trading cities Timbuktu and Gao |
| Mansa Musa | brought Mali to its peak of power and wealth from 1317 to 1337; displayed Mali's wealth during an extravagant pilgrimage to Mecca |
| Marco Polo | an Italian native who traveled to China in the late 13th century and wrote about his travels |
| Mecca | city in western Arabia that was the birthplace of the Prophet of Muhammad; ritual center of the Islamic religion and destination of the pilgrimages |
| Ming Dynasty | Chinese Dynasty from 1368-1644 founded by Zhu Yuanhang after the overthrow of the Yuan Dynasty |
| Monsoons | heavy winds that affected trade routes in the Indian Ocean |
| Nomadism | a central component of Mongol society, characterized by their mobile lifestyle, reliance on animal husbandry and skilled horsemanship which enabled the Mongols to establish a vast empire through their expertise .in mounted warfare and strategic mobility |
| Pax Mongolica | the period of Mongolian peace between the 13th and 14th centuries |
| Samarkand | located in present-day Uzbekistan in the Zeravshan River valley, this city was a stopping point on the Silk Roads between China and the Mediterranean |
| Soil Erosion | overuse of farmland and deforestation reduced agricultural production in feudal Europe |
| Song Dynasty | (906-1279) Chinese dynasty the preceded the Yuan Dynasty |
| Songhai Kingdom | an Islamic empire established in the 1400s after the decline of the Mali Empire in West Africa |
| Stern Rudders | invented by the Chinese and made steering ships easier and more stable |
| Sultanate of Malacca | powerful Islamic kingdom which reached its peak in the mid-1400s |
| Timbuktu | a very wealthy and world-renowned center for Islamic learning |
| Tumen | a military unit consisting of approximately 10,000 soldiers, led by a commander known as a noyan, and formed the backbone of the Mongol military organization during their conquest |
| Uyghur Script | system of writing that Genghis Khan adopted for the Mongol Empire |
| White Lotus Society | a secret society that began organizing to overthrow the Yuan Dynasty |
| Yuan Dynasty | established by Kublai Khan in 1271 and was tolerant towards various religious groups in China |
| Zheng-He | a Muslim admiral, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of seven great voyages that took his many ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa |
| Zhu Yuanzhang | Buddhist monk that led the revolt to overthrow the Yuan Dynasty and established the Ming Dynatsy in 1368 |
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