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Lymph & Immune Syst.
Anatomy
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| lymph | The fluid that removes cellular waste products, pathogens, & dead blood cells from the tissues |
| lymphatic vessels & ducts | returns lymph from the tissue to the circulatory system |
| lymph nodes | filter pathogens & harmful substances from the lymph |
| tonsils & adenoids | protect the entry into the respiratory system |
| spleen | filters foreign materials from the blood. Maintains the appropriate balance between cells & plasma in the blood. Destroys worn-out blood cells, releases hemoglobin, acts as a blood reservoir, & stores platelets |
| bone marrow | produces blood cells |
| lymphocytes | the specialized white blood cells that play an important role in immune reactions |
| thymus | secretes the endocrine thymosin that aids in the maturation of T lymphocytes for use by the immune system |
| immune system | defends the body against harmful substances, such as pathogenic microorganisms, allergens, toxins, & malignant cells |
| The 3 primary functions of the lymphatic system are: | absorbing fats & fat-soluable vitamins from the small intestine, removing waste from tissues, providing aid to the immune system |
| lacteals | are specialized structures of the lymphatic system that line the small intestine |
| Lacteals do what? | fats & fat-soluable vitamins that cannot be absorbed directly into the bloodstream are absorbed & transported |
| Structures of the Lymphatic System include: | lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen & thymus |
| lymphocytes | are specialized white blood cells |
| lymph | is a clear, watery fluid that transports waste products & proteins out of the spaces between the cells of the body tissues. It also destroys bacteria or other pathogens that are present in the tissues |
| interstitial fluid | AKA intercellular or tissue fluid, is plasma from arterial blood that flows out of the capillaries & into the spaces between the cells. |
| Interstitial Fluid does what? | transports food, oxygen, & hormones to the cells |
| reabsorbed | means to be taken up again by the body |
| What percentage of Interstitial fluid is reabsorbed by the capillaries? | 90%...then it's returned to the venous circulation |
| What happens to the other 10%? | becomes lymph. It is transported by the lymphatic vessels & is filtered by lymph nodes located along these vessels |
| lymphatic capillaries | are microscopic, blind-ended tubes located near the surface of the body |
| Lymphatic capillaries do what? | separate briefly to allow lymph to enter the capillary, & the action of the cells as they close forces the lymph to flow forward |
| Lymph flows from... | the lymphatic capillaries into the progressively larger lymphatic vessels |
| Where are the lymphatic vessels located? | deeper within the tissues. Like veins, lymphatic vessels have valves to prevent the backward flow of lymph |
| right lymphatic duct | collects lymph from the right side of the head & neck, the upper right quadrant of the body & the right arm. It empties into the right subclavian vein |
| thoracic duct | the largest lymphatic vessel in the body, collect lymph from the left side of the head & neck, the upper left quadrant of the trunk, the left arm & the entire lower portion of the trunk & both legs. |
| The thoracic duct empties where? | into the left subclavian vein |
| lymph nodes | are small, bean-shaped |
| Unfiltered lymph nodes flows: | into the nodes, & here the lymphocytes destroy harmful substances such as bacteria, viruses & malignant cells & filter the lymph to remove additional impurities. |
| After these process are complete, the lymph: | leaves the node & continues its journey to again become part of the venous circulation |
| tonsils | are 3 masses of lymphoid tissue that form a protective ring around the back of the nose & the upper throat |
| adenoids | AKA the nasopharyngeal tonsils, are located in the nasopharynx |
| palatine tonsils | are located on the left & right sides of the throat in the area that is visible through the mouth |
| palatine | means referring to the hard & soft palates |
| lingual tonsils | are located at the base of the tongue |
| lingual | means pertaining to the tongue |
| thymus | is located superior to the heart; although it's composed largely of lymphoid tissue, it is an endocrine gland that assists the immune system |
| peyer's patches | are located on the walls of the ileum |
| ileum | is last section of the small intestine |
| The Vermiform Appendix & Peyer's Patches | protect against the entry of invaders through the digestive system |
| spleen | is a saclike mass of lymphoid tissue located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen |
| The spleen: | filters microorganisms & other foreign material from the blood |
| The spleen also: | forms lymphocytes & monocytes, which are specialized white blood cells with roles in the immune system |
| hemolytic | function of destroying worn-out red blood cells & releasing their hemoglobin for reuse |
| The spleen also stores: | extra erythrocytes & maintains the appropriate balance between these cells & the plasma of the blood |
| When does the thymus reach maximum development? | during puberty & gradually gets smaller |
| The primary function of the immune system: | is to maintain good health & to protect the body from harmful substances |
| pathogens | which are disease-producing microorganisms |
| allergens | which are substances that produce allergic reactions |
| toxins | which are poisonous or harmful substances |
| intact skin | wraps the body in a physical barrier that prevents invading organisms from entering the body |
| intact | means there are no cuts, scrapes, open sores or breaks in the skin |
| respiratory system | traps breathed-in foreign matter with nose hairs & the moist mucous membrane lining of the respiratory system |
| digestive system | uses the acids & enzymes produced by the stomach to destroy invaders that are swallowed or consumed with food |
| The structures of the lymphatic system: | & specialized white blood cells, work together in specific ways to attack & destroy pathogens that have succeeded in entering the body |
| antigen-antibody reaction | AKA the immune reaction, involves binding antigens to antibodies |
| antigen | is any substance that the body regards are being foreign, & includes viruses, bacteria, toxins & transplanted tissues |
| antibody | is a disease-fighting protein created by the immune system in response to the presence of a specific antigen |
| immunoglobulins | bind with specific antigens in the antigen-antibody response; secreted by plasma cells, are AKA antibodies |
| lymphocytes | are white blood cells that are formed in bone marrow as stem cells |
| lymph/o | lymph |
| -cytes | cells |
| maturation | means the process of becoming mature |
| differentiation | means to be modified to perform a specific function |
| B cells | AKA B lymphocytes that produce & secrete antibodies |
| B cells are most effective against: | viruses & bacteria circulating in the blood |
| T cells | AKA T lymphocytes, are small lymphocytes that mature in the thymus as a result of exposure to the hormone thymosin |
| interferon | is a family of proteins produced by the T cells whose specialty is fighting viruses by slowing or stopping their multiplication |
| lymphokines | which are produced by the T cells, direct the antigen-antibody response by signaling between the cells of the immune system |
| macrophage | is a type of white blood cell that surrounds & kills invading cells |
| thymosin | hormone |
| macro | large |
| -phage | a cell that eats |
| phagocyte | is a large white blood cell that can destroy substances such as cell debris, dust, pollen & pathogens by the process of phagocytosis |
| complement | is a group of proteins that normally circulate in the blood in an inactive form & are activated by contact with nonspecific antigens such as foreign blood cells or bacteria. Then mark foreign invaders & attracts phagocytes to destroy them. |
| immunity | is the state of being resistant to a specific disease |
| natural immunity | is passed from the mother to her fetus before birth |
| passive immunity | is passed from the mother to her child after birth through breast milk |
| acquired immunity | AKA active immunity, is the production of antibodies against a specific antigen by the immune system either by contracting an infectious disease such as chickenpox |
| artificial immunity | given through immunizations |
| general health: | if the immune system is compromised by this, it cannot be fully effective |
| age: | older individuals usually have more acquired immunity; however, their immune systems tend to respond less quickly & effectively to new challenges |
| heredity: | genes & genetic disorders affect the individual's general health & the functioning of his or her immune system. |
| opportunistic infection | is caused by a pathogen that does not normally produce an illness in healthy humans |
| pathogen | is a microorganism that causes a disease in humans |
| microorganism | is a living organism that is so small it can be seen only with the aid of a microscope |
| bacteria | are one-celled microscopic organisms; form groups |
| bacilli | are rod-shaped spore-forming bacteria that cause tetanus |
| rickettsia | is a small bacterium that lives in lice, fleas, ticks & mites |
| What disease is caused by rickettsia? | Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever |
| spirochetes | are spiral-shaped bacteria that have flexible walls & are capable of movement |
| What disease is caused by spirochetes? | lyme disease |
| staphylococci | are a group of about 30 species of bacteria that form irregular groups or clusters resembling grapes |
| What condition does staphylococci cause? | food poisoning |
| staphylococcus aureus | AKA staph aureus, is a form of staphylococci that commonly infects wounds & causes serious problems such as toxic shock syndrome or produces food poisoning; difficult to get rid of |
| streptococci | are bacteria that form a chain |
| What condition does streptococci cause? | strep throat |
| fungus | is a simple parasitic organism |
| yeast | is a type of fungus, formerly known as moniliasis, is now also known as a yeast infection or thrush |
| lesion | pathologic change of tissue due to disease or injury |
| parasite | is a plant or animal that lives on, or within, another living organism at the expense of that organism; ex. malaria |
| viruses | are very small infectious agents that live only by invading other cells |
Created by:
Karebear
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