Anatomy
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| lymph | The fluid that removes cellular waste products, pathogens, & dead blood cells from the tissues
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| lymphatic vessels & ducts | returns lymph from the tissue to the circulatory system
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| lymph nodes | filter pathogens & harmful substances from the lymph
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| tonsils & adenoids | protect the entry into the respiratory system
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| spleen | filters foreign materials from the blood. Maintains the appropriate balance between cells & plasma in the blood. Destroys worn-out blood cells, releases hemoglobin, acts as a blood reservoir, & stores platelets
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| bone marrow | produces blood cells
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| lymphocytes | the specialized white blood cells that play an important role in immune reactions
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| thymus | secretes the endocrine thymosin that aids in the maturation of T lymphocytes for use by the immune system
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| immune system | defends the body against harmful substances, such as pathogenic microorganisms, allergens, toxins, & malignant cells
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| The 3 primary functions of the lymphatic system are: | absorbing fats & fat-soluable vitamins from the small intestine, removing waste from tissues, providing aid to the immune system
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| lacteals | are specialized structures of the lymphatic system that line the small intestine
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| Lacteals do what? | fats & fat-soluable vitamins that cannot be absorbed directly into the bloodstream are absorbed & transported
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| Structures of the Lymphatic System include: | lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen & thymus
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| lymphocytes | are specialized white blood cells
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| lymph | is a clear, watery fluid that transports waste products & proteins out of the spaces between the cells of the body tissues. It also destroys bacteria or other pathogens that are present in the tissues
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| interstitial fluid | AKA intercellular or tissue fluid, is plasma from arterial blood that flows out of the capillaries & into the spaces between the cells.
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| Interstitial Fluid does what? | transports food, oxygen, & hormones to the cells
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| reabsorbed | means to be taken up again by the body
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| What percentage of Interstitial fluid is reabsorbed by the capillaries? | 90%...then it's returned to the venous circulation
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| What happens to the other 10%? | becomes lymph. It is transported by the lymphatic vessels & is filtered by lymph nodes located along these vessels
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| lymphatic capillaries | are microscopic, blind-ended tubes located near the surface of the body
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| Lymphatic capillaries do what? | separate briefly to allow lymph to enter the capillary, & the action of the cells as they close forces the lymph to flow forward
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| Lymph flows from... | the lymphatic capillaries into the progressively larger lymphatic vessels
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| Where are the lymphatic vessels located? | deeper within the tissues. Like veins, lymphatic vessels have valves to prevent the backward flow of lymph
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| right lymphatic duct | collects lymph from the right side of the head & neck, the upper right quadrant of the body & the right arm. It empties into the right subclavian vein
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| thoracic duct | the largest lymphatic vessel in the body, collect lymph from the left side of the head & neck, the upper left quadrant of the trunk, the left arm & the entire lower portion of the trunk & both legs.
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| The thoracic duct empties where? | into the left subclavian vein
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| lymph nodes | are small, bean-shaped
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| Unfiltered lymph nodes flows: | into the nodes, & here the lymphocytes destroy harmful substances such as bacteria, viruses & malignant cells & filter the lymph to remove additional impurities.
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| After these process are complete, the lymph: | leaves the node & continues its journey to again become part of the venous circulation
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| tonsils | are 3 masses of lymphoid tissue that form a protective ring around the back of the nose & the upper throat
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| adenoids | AKA the nasopharyngeal tonsils, are located in the nasopharynx
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| palatine tonsils | are located on the left & right sides of the throat in the area that is visible through the mouth
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| palatine | means referring to the hard & soft palates
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| lingual tonsils | are located at the base of the tongue
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| lingual | means pertaining to the tongue
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| thymus | is located superior to the heart; although it's composed largely of lymphoid tissue, it is an endocrine gland that assists the immune system
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| peyer's patches | are located on the walls of the ileum
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| ileum | is last section of the small intestine
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| The Vermiform Appendix & Peyer's Patches | protect against the entry of invaders through the digestive system
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| spleen | is a saclike mass of lymphoid tissue located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen
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| The spleen: | filters microorganisms & other foreign material from the blood
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| The spleen also: | forms lymphocytes & monocytes, which are specialized white blood cells with roles in the immune system
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| hemolytic | function of destroying worn-out red blood cells & releasing their hemoglobin for reuse
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| The spleen also stores: | extra erythrocytes & maintains the appropriate balance between these cells & the plasma of the blood
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| When does the thymus reach maximum development? | during puberty & gradually gets smaller
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| The primary function of the immune system: | is to maintain good health & to protect the body from harmful substances
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| pathogens | which are disease-producing microorganisms
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| allergens | which are substances that produce allergic reactions
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| toxins | which are poisonous or harmful substances
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| intact skin | wraps the body in a physical barrier that prevents invading organisms from entering the body
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| intact | means there are no cuts, scrapes, open sores or breaks in the skin
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| respiratory system | traps breathed-in foreign matter with nose hairs & the moist mucous membrane lining of the respiratory system
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| digestive system | uses the acids & enzymes produced by the stomach to destroy invaders that are swallowed or consumed with food
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| The structures of the lymphatic system: | & specialized white blood cells, work together in specific ways to attack & destroy pathogens that have succeeded in entering the body
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| antigen-antibody reaction | AKA the immune reaction, involves binding antigens to antibodies
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| antigen | is any substance that the body regards are being foreign, & includes viruses, bacteria, toxins & transplanted tissues
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| antibody | is a disease-fighting protein created by the immune system in response to the presence of a specific antigen
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| immunoglobulins | bind with specific antigens in the antigen-antibody response; secreted by plasma cells, are AKA antibodies
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| lymphocytes | are white blood cells that are formed in bone marrow as stem cells
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| lymph/o | lymph
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| -cytes | cells
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| maturation | means the process of becoming mature
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| differentiation | means to be modified to perform a specific function
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| B cells | AKA B lymphocytes that produce & secrete antibodies
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| B cells are most effective against: | viruses & bacteria circulating in the blood
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| T cells | AKA T lymphocytes, are small lymphocytes that mature in the thymus as a result of exposure to the hormone thymosin
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| interferon | is a family of proteins produced by the T cells whose specialty is fighting viruses by slowing or stopping their multiplication
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| lymphokines | which are produced by the T cells, direct the antigen-antibody response by signaling between the cells of the immune system
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| macrophage | is a type of white blood cell that surrounds & kills invading cells
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| thymosin | hormone
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| macro | large
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| -phage | a cell that eats
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| phagocyte | is a large white blood cell that can destroy substances such as cell debris, dust, pollen & pathogens by the process of phagocytosis
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| complement | is a group of proteins that normally circulate in the blood in an inactive form & are activated by contact with nonspecific antigens such as foreign blood cells or bacteria. Then mark foreign invaders & attracts phagocytes to destroy them.
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| immunity | is the state of being resistant to a specific disease
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| natural immunity | is passed from the mother to her fetus before birth
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| passive immunity | is passed from the mother to her child after birth through breast milk
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| acquired immunity | AKA active immunity, is the production of antibodies against a specific antigen by the immune system either by contracting an infectious disease such as chickenpox
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| artificial immunity | given through immunizations
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| general health: | if the immune system is compromised by this, it cannot be fully effective
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| age: | older individuals usually have more acquired immunity; however, their immune systems tend to respond less quickly & effectively to new challenges
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| heredity: | genes & genetic disorders affect the individual's general health & the functioning of his or her immune system.
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| opportunistic infection | is caused by a pathogen that does not normally produce an illness in healthy humans
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| pathogen | is a microorganism that causes a disease in humans
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| microorganism | is a living organism that is so small it can be seen only with the aid of a microscope
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| bacteria | are one-celled microscopic organisms; form groups
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| bacilli | are rod-shaped spore-forming bacteria that cause tetanus
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| rickettsia | is a small bacterium that lives in lice, fleas, ticks & mites
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| What disease is caused by rickettsia? | Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
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| spirochetes | are spiral-shaped bacteria that have flexible walls & are capable of movement
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| What disease is caused by spirochetes? | lyme disease
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| staphylococci | are a group of about 30 species of bacteria that form irregular groups or clusters resembling grapes
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| What condition does staphylococci cause? | food poisoning
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| staphylococcus aureus | AKA staph aureus, is a form of staphylococci that commonly infects wounds & causes serious problems such as toxic shock syndrome or produces food poisoning; difficult to get rid of
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| streptococci | are bacteria that form a chain
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| What condition does streptococci cause? | strep throat
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| fungus | is a simple parasitic organism
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| yeast | is a type of fungus, formerly known as moniliasis, is now also known as a yeast infection or thrush
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| lesion | pathologic change of tissue due to disease or injury
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| parasite | is a plant or animal that lives on, or within, another living organism at the expense of that organism; ex. malaria
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| viruses | are very small infectious agents that live only by invading other cells
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