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Islam Review Guide
Unit 1 - Test Study (PART 4 ~ ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How did Islamic scholars preserve and spread knowledge from other cultures? | They absorbed many of the beliefs and studies from those who neighbor and came before it. They honored prophets and learned from scholars from different countries. They also saved and studied thee culture of the conquered territory. |
| What did the Arabic world physically look like before the rise of Islam? | It was populated mostly of small villages, towns, and other buildings. Had long-established civilizations near peninsula in present-day Iraq/Syria. Some Arabic people lived a nomadic life traveling around the world, whereas others settled in communities. |
| What similarities and differences existed amongst the Abrahamic religions? | Judaism, Christianity, and Islam are Abrahamic religions because they consider Abraham their first prophet. Islam recognizes Jesus as a prophet, not the son of God, and Muslims believe Muhammad received Allah’s final revelation. |
| What was Abu Bakr’s chief success as a caliph, and to what did it contribute? | He overcame military efforts by the early Makkans. They wanted to stop the Islamic movement and due to his success, the movement grew. He also suppressed tribal political uprisings and outrages along with religious fights, uniting the Islamic world. |
| How did the Caliphate become a dynasty, and what factors threatened that dynasty? | Mu'awiyah made the caliphate hereditary and established the Umayyads. Internal struggles, dissatisfaction among non-Arab Muslims, financial problems, and the difficulty of ruling a huge empire weakened them. |
| How did the Abbasid dynasty differ from life under the Umayyad dynasty? | Abbasids moved the capital to Baghdad, increased Persian influence, valued judges/merchants/officials, and reduced distinctions between Arab and non-Arab Muslims. Umayyads ruled from Damascus and favored Arab warriors. |
| How did the prosperous Abbasid dynasty become politically divided? | Succession struggles, corruption, lavish spending, powerful mercenaries, provincial independence, and powerful local officials weakened central authority; independent dynasties emerged. |
| How did Islam influence the social structure of Middle Eastern societies? | Islam taught equality before Allah, but social inequality stayed. Ruling families, officials, nomadic elites, and wealthy merchants formed an upper class. Slavery existed, though Islamic law required fair treatment and encouraged freeing enslaved people. |
| What were TWO contributions of Islamic scholars and artists? | Scholars added algebra and more medicine. They built on the ideas of Greek philosophers, and also contributed to mathematics/natural sciences. Artists created the Arabian Nights, conveying many religious and moral components of their culture at the time. |
| Which innovations and ideas of Muslims could still be used today? | Algebra/ use of zero is used today. Famous architecture: Mosque-Cathedral of Córdoba, Spain, that was turned into a church which is still used today. The Muslims also stemmed their ideas from those of other cultures, adding on to what we know now, |
| What are the similarities and differences among Christians, Jews, and Muslims? | All three are Abrahamic. Islam recognizes earlier prophets and traditions, but Muslims believe Muhammad received the final revelation; Islam views Jesus as a prophet rather than the son of God. |
| How did observing Islamic teachings create unity among Muslims? | Shared beliefs, Five Pillars, Quranic teachings, religious practices, and Islamic law created common values and practices across a large geographic area. |
| How did Islamic law affect Muslim attitudes toward Christians and Jews? | They were called People of the Book and could practice their religions and self-rule by paying jizyah, although restrictions were later placed on them in some areas. |
| What were the differences and similarities in Sunni and Shia beliefs? | Both are branches of Islam. The division began over leadership. Shia accepted descendants of Ali as true rulers and honored Hussein; Sunni did not require a descendant of Muhammad to be political ruler. |
| How did trade help Islam and Islamic culture spread? | Ships and camel caravans moved goods, crops, wealth, and ideas. Trade routes helped spread Islam, while Baghdad, Cairo, and Damascus became economic and cultural centers. |
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