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Islam Review Guide

Unit 1 - Test Study (PART 3 ~ KEY PLACES, EVENTS, AND DYNASTIES)

QuestionAnswer
Arabia before Islam Harsh desert environment with oases and rain-fed areas, villages/towns, nomadic peoples, tribes led by sheikhs, polytheism, and caravan trade.
Mecca Trade and religious center; Muhammad preached there and faced persecution. He returned in 630, and the Kaaba became Islam’s sacred shrine.
Medina Muhammad’s 622 destination; first community of practicing Muslims and center of his political and religious leadership.
Hijrah (622) Migration from Mecca to Medina; created the first Muslim community and marked a major turning point.
Return to Mecca (630) Muhammad returned with 10,000 men; Mecca surrendered, many converted, and the Kaaba was declared a sacred shrine of Islam.
Muhammad's death (632) Created a leadership problem because Muhammad had not named a successor.
Yarmuk (636) Arab forces defeated the Byzantine army, helping them gain control of Syria.
Battle of Tours Franks defeated Arab forces, halting Arab expansion in Europe.
Umayyad Dynasty Established by Mu'awiyah in 661; hereditary caliphate, capital at Damascus, and major expansion across North Africa, Spain, Mesopotamia, Persia, and central Asia.
Abbasid Dynasty Established by Abu al-'Abbas in 750; capital at Baghdad; reduced distinctions between Arab and non-Arab Muslims and increased Persian cultural influence.
Baghdad Abbasid capital on the Tigris River; major center of politics, trade, science, and learning.
Abbasid Decline Succession struggles, corruption, lavish spending, powerful military groups, provincial independence, and powerful local leaders weakened central authority.
Created by: user-2063195
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