Founder and prophet of Islam. Muslims believe Allah gave him revelations through Gabriel. He built the first Muslim community in Medina, united political and religious authority, returned to Mecca in 630, and died in 632.

A wealthy widow who married Muhammad and was part of his early life.

Muhammad’s father-in-law and first caliph. He united the Islamic world by suppressing tribal political and religious uprisings.

Muhammad’s son-in-law. He became caliph in 656 and was assassinated after five years; his descendants became central to Shia beliefs.

Son of Ali. He revolted against Umayyad rule in 680; his defeat and death became central to the Sunni–Shia division.

Became caliph in 661, established the Umayyad dynasty, made the caliphate hereditary, and moved the capital to Damascus.

Overthrew the Umayyads in 750 and established the Abbasid dynasty.

Abbasid caliph whose reign is described as a golden age; known for military achievements and support for the arts.

Caliph who designed Baghdad as a round city with a mosque and palace at its center.

Philosopher from Córdoba who wrote commentaries on almost all of Aristotle’s surviving works.

Tenth-century doctor in Baghdad who wrote numerous works on medical knowledge.

Philosopher and scientist who wrote a medical encyclopedia and described how disease could spread through contaminated water.

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Islam Review Guide

Unit 1 - Test Study (PART 1 ~ KEY PEOPLE)

Term	Definition
Muhammad	Founder and prophet of Islam. Muslims believe Allah gave him revelations through Gabriel. He built the first Muslim community in Medina, united political and religious authority, returned to Mecca in 630, and died in 632.
Khadija	A wealthy widow who married Muhammad and was part of his early life.
Abu Bakr	Muhammad’s father-in-law and first caliph. He united the Islamic world by suppressing tribal political and religious uprisings.
Ali	Muhammad’s son-in-law. He became caliph in 656 and was assassinated after five years; his descendants became central to Shia beliefs.
Hussein	Son of Ali. He revolted against Umayyad rule in 680; his defeat and death became central to the Sunni–Shia division.
Mu'awiyah	Became caliph in 661, established the Umayyad dynasty, made the caliphate hereditary, and moved the capital to Damascus.
Abu al-'Abbas	Overthrew the Umayyads in 750 and established the Abbasid dynasty.
Harun al-Rashid	Abbasid caliph whose reign is described as a golden age; known for military achievements and support for the arts.
Al-Mansur	Caliph who designed Baghdad as a round city with a mosque and palace at its center.
Ibn-Rushd	Philosopher from Córdoba who wrote commentaries on almost all of Aristotle’s surviving works.
Al-Razi	Tenth-century doctor in Baghdad who wrote numerous works on medical knowledge.
Ibn Sina	Philosopher and scientist who wrote a medical encyclopedia and described how disease could spread through contaminated water.

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