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Chapter 1 AP
Anatomy and Physiology Lecture
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Anatomy | the study of structure and form |
| Physiology | The study of function of the body parts |
| The ScientificMethod | a systematic and rigorous process by which scientists: examine events through observation, developed hypothesis, experiment and test hypothesis, determine if the data supports or rejects |
| MicroscopicAnatomy | examines structures that cannot be seen by the unaided eye. |
| Cytology | Study of body cells and their internal structure |
| Histology | study of body tissues |
| GrossAnatomy | also called macroscopic anatomy, investigates structure and relationships of body parts that are visible to the unaided eye. |
| SystemicAnatomy | studies the anatomy of each functional body system |
| RegionalAnatomy | examines all of the structures in a particular region of the body as complete unit. |
| SurfaceAnatomy | focuses on both superficial anatomic markings and the internal body structures that relate to the skin covering them |
| ComparativeAnatomy | Examines the similarities and differences in the anatomy of different species |
| Embryology | specifically studies the development changes occurring from conception to birth |
| PathologicAnatomy | examines all anatomic changes resulting from disease |
| RadiographicAnatomy | investigates the relationships among internal structures that may be visualized by specific scanning procedures |
| CardiovascularPhysiology | examines the functioning of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. |
| Neurophysiology | Examines how nerve impulses are propagated throughout the nervous system |
| RespiratoryPhysiology | studies how respiratory gases are transferred by gas exchange between the lungs and the blood vessels. |
| ReproductivePhysiology | explores how the regulation of sex hormones can drive the reproductive cycle and influence sex cell production and maturation |
| Pathophysiology | investigates the relationships between the functions of an organ system and disease or injury to that organ system |
| Organization | complex structure and order that all organisms exhibit |
| Metabolism | The sum of all chemical reactions that occur within the body |
| anabolism | formation of large, complex molecules from simple molecules |
| Catabolism | Breakdown of complex molecules into simple molecules |
| GrowthandDevelopment | assimilation of materials from environment and then exhibiting increased size as well as increased specializations as related to form and function |
| Responsiveness | the ability to detect and react to stimuli; occurs at almost all levels of organization |
| Stimuli | changes in the external or internal environment |
| Regulation | the ability to adjust internal bodily function in response to environmental changes |
| Homeostasis | the process of maintaining body structures and function |
| Reproduction | Produce new cells for growth, maintenance, repair. |
| ChemicalLevel | simplest organization level in the human body, involves atoms and molecules |
| molecule | Chemical structure composed of covalently bonded atoms |
| atoms | smallest units of matter that exhibit the characteristics of an element. |
| BiologicalMacromolecules | Large molecules that form living things; four classes proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and lipids; form organelles |
| Organelles | complex, organized structures in the cytoplasm of a cell with unique characteristic shapes; called "little organs." |
| CellularLevel | Organization level consisting of cells |
| Cells | the smallest living structures and serve as the basic units of structure and function in organisms |
| TissueLevel | organization level consisting of tissues |
| Tissues | groups of similar cells that perform common function; four major types, epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nerve tissue |
| EpithelialTissue | tissue that covers exposed surfaces and lines body cavities. |
| ConnectiveTissue | Tissues that protects, supports, and binds structure and organs |
| MuscleTissue | tissues that produces movement |
| NervousTissue | tissue that propagates nerve impulses for communication |
| OrganLevel | Organization level that is composed of organs |
| Organ | contains two or more tissue types that work together to perform specific, complex functions |
| OrganSystemLevel | Organization level that contains related organs that work together to coordinate activities and achieve a common unction |
| OrganismalLevel | Highest level of structural organization in the body. |
| OrganSystems | a group of organs working together to coordinate and perform specific functions |
| IntegumentarySystem | system that provides protection, prevents water loss and gain, synthesizes vitamin D, releases secretions, regulates body temperature, and houses sensory receptors |
| SkeletalSystem | system that provides support and protection, site of hematopoiesis, stores calcium and phosphorous, provides sites for ligament and muscle attachments |
| MuscularSystem | system that produces body movement, generates hear when muscles contract |
| NervousSystem | regulatory system that responds to sensory stimuli, controls muscles and some glands. Also responsible for consciousness, intelligence, memory. |
| EndocrineSystem | System that consists of glands and cell clusters that secrete hormones; maintain blood composition and volume, control digestive processes, and regulative reproductive functions |
| CardiovascularSystem | system that consists of the heart and blood vessels; heart moves blood through blood vessels in order to distribute hormones, nutrients, gases, and pick up waste products |
| LymphaticSystem | system that transports and filters lymph and may participate in an immune response |
| RespiratorySystem | system responsible for exchange of gases between blood and the air in the lungs |
| UrinarySystem | system that filters blood to remove waste products and biologically active molecules, concentrates waste products in the form of urine, and expels urine from the body. |
| DigestiveSystem | System that mechanically and chemically digests food, absorbs nutrients, and expels waste products. |
| ReproductiveSystem | system that consists of gonads produce sex cells and sex hormones |
| AnatomicPosition | An individual who stands upright with the feet parallel and flat on the floor, the upper limbs are at the sides of the body, and the palms face anteriorly; the head is level, and the eyes look forward toward the observer. |
| Supine | lying down, face upward |
| Section | implies an actual cut or slice to expose the internal anatomy |
| Plane | Implies an imaginary flat surface passing through the body |
| CoronalPlane | also called a frontal plane, is a vertical plane that divides the body or organ into anterior and posterior parts. |
| TransversePlane | also called horizontal plane or cross-sectional plane, divides the body or organ into superior and inferior parts |
| MidsagittalPlane | also called median plane, is a vertical plane and divides the body or organ into equal left and right halves |
| SaggitalPlane | a plane that is parallel to the midsagittal plane; divides a structure into left and right portions that are not equal |
| ObliquePlane | plane that pass through a structure at an angle |
| Anterior | in front of; toward the front surface |
| Posterior | In back of; toward the back surface |
| Dorsal | Toward the back side of the human body |
| Ventral | Toward the belly side of the human body |
| Superior | Closer to the head |
| Inferior | Closer to the feet |
| Cranial | (cephalic); toward the head end |
| caudal | toward the rear or tail end |
| rostral | toward the nose or mouth |
| medial | toward the midline of the body |
| lateral | away from the midline |
| Ipsilateral | on the same side |
| Contralateral | On the opposite side |
| deep | closer to the inside, internal to another structure |
| superficial | closer to the outside, external to another structure |
| Proximal | closer to point of attachment to trunk |
| Distal | Farther away from point of attachment to trunk |
| AxialRegion | region that includes the neck, head, and trunk; forms the main vertical axis of the body |
| AppendicularRegion | region composed of upper and lower limbs, which attach to the axial region |
| Abdominal | Region inferior to the thorax (chest) and superior to the pelvic brim of the hip bones |
| Antebrachial | Forearm (the portion of the upper limb between the elbow and the wrist) |
| Antecubital | Region anterior to the elbow; also known as the cubital region |
| Auricular | Visible surface structures of the ear |
| Axillary | armpit |
| Brachial | arm (the portion of the upper limb between the shoulder and the elbow) |
| Buccal | cheek |
| Calcaneal | Heel of the foot |
| Carpal | wrist |
| Cephalic | head |
| cervical | neck |
| cranial | skull |
| crural | Leg (the portion of the lower limb between the knee and the ankle) |
| Deltoid | Shoulder |
| Digital | Fingers or toes (also called phalangeal) |
| Dorsal/Dorsum | Back |
| Facial | Face |
| Femoral | Thigh |
| Fibular | lateral aspect of the leg |
| Frontal | forehead |
| Gluteal | buttock |
| Hallux | Great toe |
| Hip | lateral region between trunk and thigh |
| Inguinal | Groin (sometimes used to indicate the cease between the thigh and the trunk). |
| Lumbar | The "small of the back": the inferior part of the back between the ribs and the pelvis |
| Mammary | Breast |
| Manus | Hand |
| Mental | Chin |
| Nasal | Nose |
| Occipital | Posterior aspect of the head |
| Olecranal | posterior aspect of the elbow |
| Oral | Mouth |
| orbital | eye |
| Palmar | palm (anterior surface) of the hand |
| Patellar | kneecap |
| Pectoral | chest, includes mammary region |
| pelvic | Pelvis; region inferior to the pelvic brim of the hip bones |
| Perineal | Diamond-shaped region between the thighs that contains the anus and external reproductive organs |
| Pes | foot |
| plantar | sole of the food |
| pollex | thumb |
| Popliteal | area posterior to the knee |
| Pubic | Anterior region of the pelvis |
| radial | Lateral aspect (thumb side) of forearm |
| Sacral | Posterior region between the hip bones |
| Scapular | shoulder blade |
| Sternal | anterior middle region of the thorax |
| Sural | calf (posterior part of the leg) |
| Tarsal | proximal part of the food and ankle |
| Thoracic | Part of the torso superior to thoracic diaphragm; contains the pectora, axillary, and sternal regions |
| Tibial | Medial aspect of leg |
| Ulnar | Medial aspect (pinky side) of the forearm |
| Umbilical | Navel |
| Vertebral | Spinal column |
| PosteriorAspect | contains cavities that are completely encased in bone; subdivided into two enclosed cavities: cranial and vertebral canal |
| CranialCavity | formed by the bones of the cranium, also goes by the name endocranium |
| VertebralCanal | formed by the bones of the vertebral column, contains the spinal cord |
| VentralCavity | large, anterior placed cavity in the body, subdivisions do not completely encase their organs in bone; partitioned by the thoracic diaphragm into a thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity; subdivisions are lined with serous membranes |
| ThoracicDiaphragm | muscle partitioning the superior thoracic cavity and inferior abdominopelvic cavity |
| SerousMembranes | continuous layer of cells, forms to layers visceral layer and parietal layer. |
| ParietalLayer | lines the internal surface of the body wall |
| VisceralLayer | Covers the external surface of the organs within that cavity |
| SerousCavity | potential space between the parietal and visceral serous membrane layers |
| SerousFluid | Secreted by serous membranes; consistency of a oil and serves as a lubricant |
| ThoracicCavity | Chest cavity, large space in the chest bounded by the sternum ,middle spine, ribs, and diaphragm |
| AbdominopelvicCavity | Cavity that consists of the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity |
| Mediastinum | the median space between the lungs that contains the heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and major blood vessels that connect to the heart |
| Pericardium | Fibroserous membrane covering the heart |
| ParietalPericardium | the outer layer of the serous membrane and forms the inner lining of the sac around the heart. |
| VisceralPericardium | serous membrane that covers the hearts external surface |
| PericardialCavity | the serous cavity between the parietal and visceral layers of the pericardium, and it contains serous fluid |
| Pleura | Serous membranes enveloping the lungs and lining that internal walls of the thoracic cavity |
| ParietalPleura | the outer layer of the serous membrane and lines the internal surface of the thoracic wall |
| VisceralPleura | The inner layer of the serous membrane and covers the external surface of each lung |
| PleuralCavity | the serous cavity between the parietal pleura and the visceral plural layers, and it contains serous fluid |
| AbdominalCavity | Cavity superior to the pelvic brim of the hip bones. Contains most of the digestive system organs, as well as the kidneys and most of the ureter. |
| PelvicCavity | Inferior to the pelvic brim of the hip bones. Contains distal part of the large intestine, the remainder of the ureters and urinary bladder, and the internal reproductive organs |
| Peritoneum | two-layered serous membrane that is associated with the abdominopelvic cavity |
| ParietalPeritoneum | the outer layer of the peritoneum, lines the internal walls of the abdominopelvic cavity |
| VisceralPeritoneum | inner layer of the peritoneum, and it covers the external surfaces of most abdominal and pelvic organs. |
| PeritonealCavity | serous cavity between the visceral and parietal peritoneum, which contains and is lubricated by serous fluid |
| AbdominopelvicRegion | Nine compartments that partition the abdominopelvic cavity. |
| UmbilicalRegion | middle region named for the umbilicus that lies in it the center of the abdominopelvic cavity |
| EpigastricRegion | abdominopelvic region that is superior to the umbilical region |
| HypogastricRegion | abdominopelvic region that is inferior to the umbilical region |
| HypochondriacRegion | Left and right abdominopelvic regions that are inferior to the costal cartilages and lateral to the epigastric region |
| LumbarRegions | Right and left abdominopelvic regions that are lateral to the umbilical region |
| IliacRegion | Left and Right abdominopelvic regions that are lateral to the hypogastric region. |
| Homeostasis | The ability of an organism to maintain a consistent internal environment in response to changing internal or external environments |
| HomeostaticSystems | the systems through which homeostasis occurs. These systems are regulated through negative feedback or positive feedback. |
| Receptor | body structure that detects a stimulus. |
| Stimulus | change in a regulated variable; event that provokes a cellular response. |
| Control Center | structure in a feedback loop interpreting information from a receptor and sending information to an effector to produce a response |
| Effector | structure that brings about the change to alter the stimulus |
| FeedbackLoop | The response of homeostatic systems occurs through this; Includes a stimulus, receptor, control center, effectors |
| NegativeFeedback | Control mechanism that keeps a variable within a set point range |
| SetPoint | Typical range of a variable |
| PositiveFeedback | Control mechanism that increases the original change in a variable. |
| SSRI | acronym that stands for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor. |
| Radiography | primary method of obtaining an image of a body part for diagnostic; x-rays penetrates solid structures within the body. |
| Ultrasound | A medical imaging method that uses sound waves to visualize internal structures |
| Transducer | Device or organ that converts energy from one form to another |
| DSA | modified 3d x-ray technique used primarily to view blood vessels. |
| CT | x-ray that takes thin slices of the body to reconstruct a 3D image of the body |
| MRI | a procedure that uses radiowaves, a powerful magnet, and a computer to make a series of detailed pictures |
| fMRI | specific type of MRI, that maps brain function based on local oxygen concentration and differences in blood flow |
| PET | scan that is an example of nuclear medicine, because it uses radioactive glucose to detect the metabolic state of tissue at a given moment in time. |
Created by:
Ar1ina
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